Gender Flashcards
What are the 4 gender models?
Dominance, Difference, Deficit, Diversity
Who created the deficit model?
Robin Lakoff
What is an evaluation of the dominance model? (negative)
It was created in the 1970s so it is outdated and is likely inapplicable to today’s society.
How many features of women’s language are there according to Lakoff?
10
What are the 10 features of women’s language according to Lakoff?
- Hedges
- Empty adjectives
- super-polite form and intensifiers
- Apologies
- Speak less
- no taboo language
- tag questions
- hypercorrect grammar
- implication
- tone and pitch
What are the 4 types of tag questions?
Facilitative, epistemic modal, challenging, softening.
What is the purpose of a facilitative tag?
To invite others to join the conversation
What is the purpose of an epistemic modal tag?
To express uncertainty
What is the purpose of a challenging tag?
To set a challenge
What is the purpose of a softening tag?
To make something more acceptable
Janet Holmes says that women mainly use this type of tag…
Facilitative
What did the courtroom study show? (tags)
Showed that judge used all types of tags regardless of gender
According to Lakoff, why don’t women swear as much as men?
They are concerned about negative judgement
According to De Klerk, why don’t men like it when women swear?
It challenges their masculinity
Who created the Difference model?
Deborah Tannen
