Gender

Question 1

Zimmerman & West 1975

Answer 1

Observed 11 conversations between white middle-class people and found the ratio of men’s interruptions to women’s interruptions was 46:2 they believe that men like to control the conversation and women prefer to be submissive

Question 2

Judith butler

Answer 2

1990 book- Gendered trouble
-says being born male or female doesn’t automatically determine your behaviour rather behaviour is taught by society in order to fit in

Question 3

Otto Jesperson

Answer 3

Published a book on language that has a chapter dedicated to women’s language- suggesting this isn’t the ‘norm’

Question 4

Pamela Fishman

Answer 4

She conducted a study into 52 hours of conversation between young American couples. She said mixed gender conversations fail because men tend to fail to respond to declarative statement and women use questions to gain conversational power. Women use positive feedback as a way of encouraging male speakers because women are more ‘cooperative speakers’ WOMEN DO THE CONVERSATIONAL SHITWORK

Question 5

Dale spender

Answer 5

Said the social construct enforces male power

Question 6

Lackoff 1975

Answer 6

Women’s language lacks power after observing her friends
•hedging
•tag questions
•empty adjectives

Question 7

O’barr & Atkins (1980)

Answer 7

Conducted a 30 month study where. they came to the conclusion that powerless language is an a gendered concept. Woman, C and men F have the same total of 24. However, there could be contextual differences.

Question 8

Tannen

Answer 8

Tannen is a professor of linguistics, who published you just don’t understand: men and women in conversation.
This says men and women’s language are binary opposite
•status VS support
•conflict VS compromise