World English Flashcards
Kachrus three circle model (1985)
Hey, says there are three categories of English speakers
The Inner Circle are norm providing and set the standards
The outer circle is norm developing. They adapt norms to suit their needs.
The expanding cycle are norm dependent and they learn English as a foreign language
Graddol, (1971)
Griddle says in the future, there will be more L2 speakers than L1 or EFL speakers. While there are currently more EFL speakers L2 is the future of English
McArthur, 1987
He suggests the idea that English is going through such vast changes around the world that its fragmented into family languages
He considers the possibility of a world standard English, but says this is not the only variant of English
Ostler
He believes that English will decline in power, no longer be the dominant language. He also said that technology will intervene and take over.
David crystal
The momentum of English growth is so great, nothing is likely to stop it.
Features of ELF
- being overly explicit e.g. black colour
- omitting articles
- dropping 3rd person present -S
Robert Phillipson 1992
Says that the global spread of English harms developing countries because of linguistic imperialism
Simon Jenkins
Theo’s who don’t speak English are at a universal disadvantage
Pennycook
English does not deserve to be. The world language is only achieve the status through colonialism and brutality, which has caused many of the worlds languages to disappear.
Aitchisons mana forces for change
Fashion, social need and foreign languages
Feature of Indian English
Use the progressive aspect with a stative verb ‘I am knowing’
