Gender

Question 1

Refers to the degree to which an individual sees her, himself, themselves as feminine or masculine

Answer 1

gender identity

Question 2

refers to male or female anatomy and physiology

Answer 2

sex

Question 3

social attitudes and behaviors associated with the two sexes

Answer 3

gender role

Question 4

individuals who have ambiguous genital anatomy

Answer 4

intersex

Question 5

individuals who are uncomfortable with the gender that society has assigned them

Answer 5

transsexual & transgender

Question 6

refers to challenging a gender mandate on purpose

Answer 6

gender bending

Question 7

Every society, to some extent, differentiates humans according to gender

Answer 7

gender differentiation refers to cultural expectations about how men and women should behave

Question 8

Men assumed to have instrumental characteristic traits that enable them to accomplish difficult tasks or goals

Answer 8

3 major culturally defined obligations:

• Group leadership
• Protecting group territory and weaker or dependent others
• Providing resources

Question 9

Men are expected to distance themselves from anything considered feminine

Answer 9

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Question 10

Men should be tough, confident, self-reliant

Answer 10

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Question 11

Men should be financially successful and supporting his family

Answer 11

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Question 12

Women are assumed to have expressive character traits that allow them to be concerned about others

Answer 12

• Pivotal Role: expected to provide emotional support
• Historically ideal woman: physically attractive, not too competitive, good listener, acceptable
  
  • Expected: to be a good mother and put family’s needs before her own

Question 13

a divided perception according to which a woman’s aware of and often troubled by two conflicting messages: first that caregiving is most important for her: and second, that caregiving is not as highly valued across society as it career success

Answer 13

Bifurcated consciousness

Question 14

migration tends to change masculine and feminine roles among those from cultures, where family life involves female dependence on and acceptance of decision of male family heads

Answer 14

Immigration and Gender

Question 15

• For women, there is a cross pressure between succeeding academically and moving towards the traditional expectation of assuming a wife-mother role
• Hispanic or Latino men are stereotyped as following the cultural ideal of extreme masculinity and male dominance (Machismo)

Answer 15

Hispanics and Gender

Question 16

Increased independence among Asian women in the United States

Answer 16

Asian Americans and Gender

Question 17

increase in female-headed families and the number of women tribal leaders has doubled over the last thirty years

Answer 17

Native American Indians and Gender

Question 18

• African American women have paid higher employment ratios than their white counterparts
• Couples experience and prefer more role flexibility and power sharing than do whites

Answer 18

African Americans and Gender

Question 19

This model sees human’s behavior as primarily associated with the unconscious need to pass on one’s genetic material to future generations

• Freedom from productive responsibility
• Genetic Heritage:
• Hormones (Estrogen, Oxytocin, Testosterone)

Answer 19

Biological Predisposition Model

Question 20

• Foraging and Hunting - 60-80% of food was gathered, and males and females were able to hunt small game.
• Agricultural - this agriculture required greater physical strength, full-time labor, and working farther away from home, making conditions less compatible with pregnancy and nursing
  Patriarchy: a form of social organization based on the supremacy of fathers and inheritance through the male line
• Industrial - further separated work from home and family life, transferring work primarily done by women (clothing production) from home to factories
• Postindustrial - information-based and service work, not the manufacturing of things. More inclusive of women and minimizes gender differentiations

Answer 20

Society-Based Argument

Question 21

• Every society has a gender structure (social roles influenced by cultural environment)
• Institutions in almost every society have been characterized by male dominance, males assuming authority over females
• 5 Social Structures/Institutions: Family, Religion, Government/Politics, Education, Economy

Answer 21

Gender Structures

Question 22

Research shows where the husband is more religious than the wife, particularly in Islam and evangelical Protestantism, the more strictly gendered divisions of labor can lead to family tension and decreased marital satisfaction, particularly for the wife

Answer 22

Traditional family ideal

Question 23

• Children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them
• Girls play in small groups, and emphasize turn-taking, cooperativeness, and skills
• Boys play in large groups, and emphasize fun and hierarchy

Answer 23

Interaction-Constructionist Perspective

Question 24

• Children and adults learn aspects of gender roles from parents, teachers, friends, media, etc., and are rewarded when the behavior is perceived as sex-appropriate
• Talking about marriage, future careers, and admonitions about “sissies,” “tomboys,” “ladies,” or “dykes”

Answer 24

Social Learning Theory

Question 25

• Children categorize themselves by age 3 and identify behaviors in their family and society that they see as appropriate for their gender

Answer 25

Self-Identification Theory

Question 26

• Children develop a framework of knowledge about what girls and boys typically do, and then use this framework to organize how they interpret new information and think about gender
• Then tends to remember the gender-consistent information better than gender-inconsistent information

Answer 26

Gender Schema Theory

Question 27

determined to dress and behave more like the “other” gender

Answer 27

Gender variance

Question 28

The belief that women’s roles should be confined to the family and that women are not as qualified as men for leadership positions

Answer 28

Traditional sexism

Question 29

Denies that gender discrimination persists and may include the idea that women are asking for too much, a situation that results in resistance to their demands

Answer 29

Contemporary Sexism

Question 30

• The Women’s Movement: waves of feminism
• Men’s Movements:
• Pro-Feminists: support feminists in their opposition to patriarchy
• Anti-feminists: believe that the Women’s Movement caused the collapse of the natural order, one that guaranteed male dominance, and they work to reverse this trend
• Masculinists: tend not to focus on patriarchy as problematic, but work to develop a positive image of masculinity, one combining strength with tenderness

Answer 30

Gender Movements