Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

English Language 2: Diversity > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What model did Robin Lakoff promote?

A

the deficit model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when did Robin Lakoff carry out her research

A

1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what was Robin Lakoffs book called?

A

Language and a Woman’s Place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why did Robin Lakoff say women were kept in their place?

A

because being ladylike was a restriction to being powerful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

according to Robin Lakoff, how were women made to sound like ‘ladies’

A

through socialisation and language use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

according to Robin Lakoff, women were brought up to sound like what?

A

to sound inferior to men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why did Robin Lakoff say women couldn’t win?

A
  • if they talked like ‘ladies they would be powerless’

- if they talked like men, they would be seen as unfeminine and therefore less attractive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which lang features did Lakoff say showed weakness when used by women?

A

hedges, tag questions, fillers, emphatic language, no taboo,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where did Lakoff teach?

A

a professor at University of California, Berkeley, since 1972

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does the difference model challenge the deficit model (Lakoff)?

A

just because men and women speak differently, doesn’t mean they’re not equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how did Marjorie Goodwin (difference model) object against Robin Lakoff (deficit model) ?

A
  • using indirect forms didn’t show weakness

- its not that women can’t use direct forms, they just don’t always find them appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What model did Otto Jespersen promote?

A

the deficit model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why did Jespersen say women speak differently?

A
  • because women aren’t as good as men

- men’s language is normal and women’s language is deficient in comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when did Jespersen carry out his study

A

The 1920s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what was Jespersen’s book called and what did it focus on?

A
  • ‘the woman’

- how women’s language differs from men’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some features of women’s language according to Jespersen?

A
  • talk a lot
  • have smaller vocab
  • nice but unnecessary vocab
  • indirect expressions used
  • no taboo language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can Jesperson’s theory be challenged?

A
  • his study had no evidence: it was all anecdotal
  • confirmation bias: agrees with his prior values and beliefs, men will use the language features he said women exclusively use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when and what did Baker and Freebody study?

A
  • 1989

- bias in reading books to the representation of gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what adjectives were used to describe boys and girls in Baker and Freebody’s study?

A

girls:
little, pretty

boys:
tiny, brave, naughty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what were mothers and fathers associated within Baker and Freebody’s study?

A

mothers:
domestic/emotional related activities, hug, kiss

fathers:
actions like paint, fix, drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when and what was the the Miller and Swift study?

A
  • 1980

- bias within the press on represent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what emphesis on women was noticed in the Miller and Swift study?

A

physical characteristics and age

23
Q

what did the press often imply about women in the Miller and Swift study?

A
  • that they behave irrationally and emotionally

- sexual innuendo

24
Q

when and what was the Dale Spender study?

A
  • 1980
  • language is androcentric (built in bias towards men)
  • was built by men as society was controlled by men
25
Q

when and what was the Schultz study?

A
  • 1975

- semantic derogation

26
Q

what do more negative words for women represent in the Schultz study?

A

they are pejorated

the patriarchal order in our society

27
Q

what is a quote from Schultz study?

A

‘Langauge reflects the culture that constructs the langauge’

28
Q

when and what was the Julia Stanley study?

A
  • 1972
  • said there was a negative semantic space for women because words like writer, surgeon and doctor don’t apply to women
  • use terms like ‘lady doctor’
29
Q

when and what was the Pamela Fishman study?

A
  • 1977
  • the features identified by Robin Lakoff did not make them entirely inferior but also provided them with conversational power
30
Q

What model did Pamela Fishman argue for?

A

The Dominance Model

31
Q

example of conversational power in Pamela Fishman’s study

A
  • ask more questions
  • utilise tag questions
  • use more backchannel
  • do more conversational work
32
Q

when and what was the Deborah Cameron study?

A
  • 1995
  • contrasts between each gender are due to dominant societal expectations
  • the way in which men and women thing they are supposed to speak is ‘verbal hygiene’
  • how we use language to impose order in society
33
Q

what are the specific examples found in Deborah Cameron’s research?

A
  • Communicating matters more to women
  • Women are more verbally skilled than men
  • Women talk about feelings and people, whereas men talk about facts
  • Men are competitive, but women are supportive
  • These differences lead to miscommunication between the two genders
34
Q

Dale Spender

A

sexism is added to English to consolidate male supremacy

35
Q

Zimmerman & West study

A
  • women speak less in mixed conversations as there are more male interruptions
  • discredited by Geoffrey Beattie who said the study was disproportionate and conducted his own study showing their were essentially an equal amount of interruptions from men and women
36
Q

Jenny Cheshire

A
  • 1970s
  • girls adjust more sharply to formal speech than boys
  • even at a young age girls are using more standard forms and hypercorrect grammar
37
Q

Deborah Tannen

A
  • book “You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation”
  • There are six aspects of gender, including: (IkSAwCOI)
    I - information VS feeling
    S - status VS support
    A - advice VS understanding
    C - conflict VS compromise
    O - orders VS proposals
    I - independence VS intimacy
38
Q

Carmichael, Hogan & Walter

A

Language influencing thought equals gender perceptions

39
Q

Woods

A

Men dominate conversations even if women are in the higher status

40
Q

Klofstrad

A

Vocal fry is used by women to find work

41
Q

Bonnie McElhinny

A

Gender focuses on individuals not institutions

42
Q

Maltz & Borker

A
  • examine cross-gender speech
  • “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication,”
  • these ‘genderlects’ have different rules for communication causing misunderstandings to occur
43
Q

Ann Weatherall

A

Female conversations are cooperative when male conversations are competitive

44
Q

Jeanette McGregor 2008

A

there is an equal number of uptalk usage between males and females

45
Q

Androcentric

A

built-in bias towards men retaining meaning or respect

46
Q

uptalk

A

when there is a rise of intonation at the end of a declarative sentence, as if a question

47
Q

lexical asymmetry

A

When a word puts men in a positive position but at the same time puts women in a negative position

48
Q

Muriel Schultz

A

researched lexical asymmetry

e.g. master and mistress

49
Q

Mira Komarovsky

A
  • 1962
  • 58 working class couples studied
  • women spoke about family and personal matters
  • men spoke about money, business, sport, work, politics
50
Q

Jennifer Coates

A
  • 1996

- men prefer topics that allow them to take turns in being an expert

51
Q

Cheris Kramer

A
  • 1974
  • women tend to avoid taboo language
  • use weaker language
52
Q

Janet Holmes

A
  • 1984
  • tag questions
  • modal tags: seeking information
  • Affective tags: softening
  • facilitate tags: draw engagement from listener

men: 61% modal tags
women: 75% facilitate tags

53
Q

John Kirkby

A
  • 1746
  • eighty grammatical rules
  • male language more comprehensive than female
54
Q

1850 sexist language act

A
  • act of parliament passed that stated ‘he’ should be used for both sexes

English Language 2: Diversity (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions