Accent and dialect Flashcards

1
Q

standard English

A

dialect of English that is considered to have the most prestige

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2
Q

dialect

A

the lexical / grammatical features of a certain group

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3
Q

RP

A
  • received pronunciation
  • aka queen speech
  • considered to have most prestige and exemplary for English language
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4
Q

accent

A

the way you pronounce certain words depending on your group

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5
Q

neologisms

A

creation of new words in dictionaries e.g. selfie

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6
Q

prescriptivist

A
  • thinks rules of language must be followed / protected

- usually don’t want traditional rules of language to change

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7
Q

descriptivist

A

don’t perceive language change as bad, more open to change language

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8
Q

H dropping

A

evident in cockney accent

‘oliday, ‘appening

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9
Q

glottal stop

A

dropping ts in words

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10
Q

Estuary English

A
  • recent accent variety
  • using in south east England
  • combined RP with aspects of regional southern accents
  • more glottal than RP
  • Ricky Gervais
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11
Q

dialect levelling

A

when the variation / diversity of dialects decline

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12
Q

Context of RP

A
  • established mid 19th century
  • emerged in private / boarding schools e.g. Oxford and Cambridge
  • large middle-class basis
  • more popular in 20th century with BBC
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13
Q

slang

A
  • informal vocabulary
  • neologisms
  • semantic shift
  • can be exclusive
  • often reflects multiculturalism
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14
Q

John Honey

A
  • 1977
  • prescriptivist
  • children should be taught Standard English in schools in order to have equal opportunities in their later life
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15
Q

Peter Trudgill Norwich Study

A
  • 1974
  • women were more likely to use overt prestige and me were more likely to use covert prestige
  • found variation of speech styles parallels variation across social class
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16
Q

William Labov’s New York Study

A
  • 1966

- concluded that individuals internalise class hierarchy and act it out - often unconsciously

17
Q

Beryl Bainbridge

A
  • 1999
  • prescriptivist novelist
  • believes all children should have elocution lessons to wipe out regional accents
  • said that being taught to abandon her own Liverpool accent had helped her career
18
Q

Lance Workman

A
  • 2008
  • to discover accent stereotypes
  • Yorkshire accent = most intelligent + Birmingham accent = least intelligent
19
Q

Howard Giles

A
  • 1970
  • After shown a presentation of arguments against the death penalty, students ranked RP accent the most convincing and Brummie the least
20
Q

William Labov: Martha’s Vineyard study

A

Older islanders such as fisherman subconsciously maintained a dialect with vowel sounds being shifted backwards in an archaic manner

they were diverging from traditional American pronunciation and maintain their own

21
Q

Worcester College Study

A
  • 2002
  • suggested that speakers with a Birmingham accent may be more likely to me presumed guilty when suspected of a criminal offence
22
Q

John Pitts

A

Black speakers felt they were ignored and neglected from society, their own dialect began to emerge and to resist this, emerged MLE

23
Q

Gary Ives

A

Interviewed Pakistani students who spoke different sociolects at home compared to school that outsiders didn’t understand. Potentially to diverge and rebel due to neglect from society.

24
Q

Howard Giles Accommodation Theory

A
  • 1973
  • People change their speech, vocal patterns and gestures to accommodate others
  • Divergence: aiming to be independent with lang
  • Convergence: aiming to conform to lang standards of a certain group
25
Kristen Sellars
'Speech codes' are like dress codes, we change our language based on etiquette and perceptions wanted
26
Paul Kerswell: native speech
- Our native speech changes when we migrate - we don't want to stand out - we want others to understand us
27
AAVE
African American Vernacular English
28
Fasold and Wolfram
- Studied AAVE | - perceptions of it are that it is thuggish, poorly educated, crime link
29
Phonological features of AAVE
- consonant clusters "wes side" - th fronting "nuffin" - th stopping "dem"
30
Grammatical features of AAVE
- non standard negative "ain't" - double negatives "ain't seen nuffin" - verbs don't correlate with number of people being talked about "they has a big house"
31
Paul Kerswill: MLE
- Low income, high density regions, particularly cities - most prevalent in East London, amongst people with few opportunities - People who are discriminated against or are struggling to make progress in life change their language to sound different to others and use it as an exclusionary strategy
32
David Crystal: slang popularity
becoming more popular because of: - Use in modern media - nations obsession with celebrity culture