Gender Flashcards
Sex
biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women
Gender identity
what gender a person characteristic and describes themselves
Alice Eagly’s research
- men are stereotyped as higher on ‘agentic’ traits
- intelligence, physical power, capability, dominance
- women are stereotyped as higher on ‘communal’ traits
- other before self, warmth, kindness
Benevolent sexism
Not as directly aversive views of women that promote inequality.
- Women should be protected by men
Hostile sexism
more clear, direct, negative views of women.
Women exaggerate the problems they have at work.
Ambivalent sexism
mixed valence stereotypes about women that both serve to promote gender inequality
Stereotype content model
Groups of people are stereotypes on two primary dimensions:
- warmth and competence
Women are evaluated as higher in warmth, and lower on competence than men
Parks-Stamm
women who were described as successful at work were later regarded as less friendly and kind (by other women)
This resulted in the women (the raters) having higher levels of self-esteem
Heilman and Okimoto
women were described as either very business oriented (with a family) or as just having a family. Women who were described as business oriented were later rated as less friendly
Vandello and Bosson
Manhood is tenuous, and requires constant social approval. Thus, men are motivated to maintain their sense of masculinity, especially when it comes under question.
Gender and emotional expression
- anger is perceived of as more masculine than feminine
- women are evaluated more negatively for expressing anger than men are
- sadness is more socially accepted for women than men
Gender and grieving
Men ted to grieve the loss of a spouse more intensely and chronically than women. Women tend to grieve the loss of a new-born child and miscarriage more intensely than men do
Gender and voice usage
Conservation analyses find that:
- men speak more loudly on average than women
- women tend to interrupt less
- women use more indirect speech
- men tend to use more assertive language
Objectification theory
- women are more likely to have their worth equated to their physical appearance than men are
- rules regarding female appearance are stricter, and mre impossible than standards for male appearance
- as a result, women tend to internalise the importance of their own appearance more so than men
interpersonal objectification
how people perceive other people, and in particular women, depends on what they are focusing on
