Gen Pharm - Phys part

Question 1

There is no parasympathetic innervation to _______

Answer 1

blood vessels

(sympathetic is then the predominant tone for blood vessels)

Question 2

What receptor is found in the iris dilator/radial muscle?

Answer 2

alpha 1 receptor

(iris dilator muscle contracts with sympathetic innervation acting on the alpha 1 receptors causing dilation of the pupil)

Question 3

What receptor is found in the iris constrictor/circular muscle?

Answer 3

muscarinic receptor

(iris constrictor muscle constricts the pupil through parasympathetic innervation of the muscarinic receptor)

Question 4

What receptors are found in the ciliary muscle of the eye?

Answer 4

Beta receptors (relaxes) and muscarinic (contracts)

Parasympathetic is predominant tone

Question 5

What receptors and actions in the heart are involved in sympathetic innervation?

Answer 5

beta 1 and 2 receptors in the SA node and ectopic pacemakers accelerate the heart, as well as increasing contractility of whole heart

Question 6

What receptors and actions in the heart are involved in parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 6

Muscarinic 2 receptors in the SA node, AV node, and atrial muscle decreases heart rate (only acts on atrial muscle)

Question 7

What receptors and actions are involved in sympathetic activation of the blood vessels?

Answer 7

alpha receptors in skin and splanchnic vessels contract (greater number on large veins and so contract there first then resistance arteries after)

beta 2 receptors in skeletal muscle vessels relax

Question 8

Which receptor in bronchiolar smooth muscle is involved in the relaxation of these muscles?

Answer 8

beta 2

(affected by beta-blocker drugs - causes risk in asthmatics - bronchioles have even more trouble relaxing)

Question 9

Conditions that promote the development of edema:

Answer 9

• increased arterial and venous pressure
• decrease in osmotic gradient, salt and water retention
• inadequate lymphatic drainage

Question 10

Diseases associated with edema:

Answer 10

• HF (heart failure), hepatic cirrhosis, nephritis, renal damage, steroid secretion diseases, pre-eclampsia, toxemia, hypersensitivity reactions

Question 11

What receptor drugs can cause vasodilation?

Answer 11

Alpha 2 agonists: increase activity of alpha 2 which inhibits NE (symp), decrease of sympathetic outflow causes vasodilation

Alpha 1 adrenergic blockers: alpha normally contracts vessels (symp) so blocking causes vasodilation

Sympatholytics reduce BP by reducing sympathetic vasomotor tone