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Ocular Pharmacology > Gen Pharm - drugs > Flashcards

Gen Pharm - drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acetazolamide (Diamox)

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (Diuretic) –po, inhibits CA enzyme, alkalinization of urine (increased HCO3- in urine), diuretic effect only lasts a few to several days, tx for alkalosis
-decrease in H+ for exchange w/Na+ results in Na+ loss (stops Na+ reabsorption)
-sulfa sensitivity!

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2
Q

Brinzolamide (Azopt)

A

topical Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - glaucoma drop, decreases aqueous humor production and CSF
-orange cap

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3
Q

Dorzolamide (Trusopt)

A

topical Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - glaucoma drop, decreases aqueous humor production and CSF
-orange cap

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4
Q

Methazolamide (Neptazane)

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - po, tx glaucoma, decreases aqueous humor production and CSF

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5
Q

Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Loop Diuretic - blocks the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, induces kidney prostaglandins (vasodilation) can be used to tx HTN
-causes loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+, also Cl- and K+
-tx for heart failure (edema), and pulmonary edema, tx hypercalcemia
-can cause hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperuricemia, irreversible ototoxicity, NSAID interference

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6
Q

Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)

A

Loop Diuretic
-used only when patient has sulfa allergy and can’t be given furosemide
-more likely to have irreversible ototoxicity side effect with aminoglycosides

-blocks the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, induces kidney prostaglandins (vasodilation), causes a loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+, also Cl- and K+
-tx for heart failure (edema), and pulmonary edema, tx hypercalcemia
-can cause hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperuricemia, NSAID interference

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7
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix)

A

Thiazide, most used diuretic, also a common DOC for HTN (C/I for DM pt!)
-inhibits Na+ reabsorption at distal tubule -causes decrease of Na+, CO, decrease in blood volume and so decrease in BP
-increase in ATP-dependent K+ channel opening, causes hyperpolarization (vasodilation in smooth muscle) and also decreases insulin

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8
Q

Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

A

Thiazide diuretic, also a common DOC for HTN (C/I for DM pt!)
-inhibits Na+ reabsorption at distal tubule -causes decrease of Na+, CO, decrease in blood volume and so decrease in BP
-increase in ATP-dependent K+ channel opening, causes hyperpolarization (vasodilation in smooth muscle) and also decreases insulin

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9
Q

C/I for thiazides

A

causes dry eye, hyperglycemia (C/I for DM pts), hyperlipidemia, lithium toxicity, digitalis toxicity, hepatic coma in cirrhotic pts, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyperuricemia! (tell pts to stop thiazide before having a surgical procedure)

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10
Q

Diuretic drug that can be used for patients with a sulfa allergy

A

Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)

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11
Q

Amiloride (Midamor)

A

Potassium-sparing Diuretic
-reduces the K+ loss caused by the other diuretics, used in combination as they are weak on their own
-inhibit Na+/K+ exchange independently of aldosterone
C/I for burn patients (already hyperkalemic!)

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12
Q

Triamterene (Dyrenium)

A

Potassium-sparing Diuretic
-reduces the K+ loss caused by the other diuretics, used in combination as they are weak on their own
-inhibit Na+/K+ exchange independently of aldosterone
C/I for burn patients (already hyperkalemic!)

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13
Q

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

A

Potassium-sparing Diuretic - competitive inhibitor of aldosterone (anti-androgen)
-tx edema w/HF, hyperaldosteronism, hirsutism, PMS
-SE: occasional hyperkalemia w/ACEI and ARBs
-C/I: liver damage, renal insufficiency

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14
Q

Mannitol (Osmitrol)

A

Osmotic Diuretic
IV only, keeps water in tubules, large amount of water diuresis, keeps water flowing and protects kidney, can be used as prophylaxis of acute renal failure
-decreases IOP and ICP quickly
-SE: cellular dehydration, edema
-C/I: DON’T USE WITH HF pts!

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15
Q

What is the order of effectiveness for diuretic drugs?

A

Loops&raquo_space; thiazides&raquo_space;> K+ sparing drugs

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16
Q

Sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)

A

Antihypertensive - acts through nitric oxide to cause vasodilation
IV only, rapid (minutes), decreases BP for HTN emergencies
-SE: cyanide accumulation

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17
Q

Hydralazine

A

Antihypertensive - acts through nitric oxide to cause vasodilation - used during pregnancy for long-term tx of severe HTN in combo with other BP-lowering meds and as a last resort
-SE: Lupus!

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18
Q

Minoxidil (Loniten)

A

Antihypertensive - acts through opening potassium channels (hyperpolarizes membrane) to cause vasodilation
SE: Hypertrichosis

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19
Q

Nifedipine (Procardia)

A

Calcium Channel Blocker - Dihydropiridine type
-strong vasodilator, more vascular effects, increases HR

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20
Q

Amlodipine (Norvasc)

A

Calcium Channel Blocker - Dihydropiridine type

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21
Q

Felodipine (Plendil)

A

Calcium Channel Blocker - Dihydropiridine type

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22
Q

Verapamil (Calan)

A

Calcium Channel Blocker - strong cardiac effect, decreases HR

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23
Q

Diltiazem (Cardizem)

A

Calcium Channel Blocker - effects in between Verapamil and Dihydropiridines

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24
Q

Captopril (Capoten)

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor - works on the renin-angiotensin system
-good choice of anti-HTN med for DM pts

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25
Q

Enalapril (Vasotec)

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor - works on the renin-angiotensin system
-good choice of anti-HTN med for DM pts

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26
Q

Quinapril (Accupril)

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor - works on the renin-angiotensin system
-good choice of anti-HTN med for DM pts

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27
Q

Lisinopril (Zestril)

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor - works on the renin-angiotensin system
-good choice of anti-HTN med for DM pts

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28
Q

Benazepril (Lotensin)

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor - works on the renin-angiotensin system
-good choice of anti-HTN med for DM pts

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29
Q

Losartan (Cozaar)

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker - anti HTN
blocks AT1 receptor but not AT2 (difference from ACEIs)

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30
Q

Valsartan (Diovan)

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker - anti HTN
blocks AT1 receptor but not AT2 (difference from ACEIs)

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31
Q

Clonidine (Catapres)

A

Alpha 2 agonist, sympatholytic, anti-HTN

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32
Q

Methyldopa (Aldomet)

A

Alpha 2 agonist, sympatholytic, anti-HTN
-used in pregnancy

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33
Q

Prazosin (Minipress)

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker, anti-HTN
also good for tx BPH

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34
Q

Doxazosin (Cardura)

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker, anti-HTN

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35
Q

Terazosin (Hytrin)

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker, anti-HTN

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36
Q

Propranolol (Inderal)

A

nonspecific Beta-blocker, anti-HTN
-reduces sympathetic vasomotor tone but doesn’t cause vasodilation unless with NO
-SE: bronchoconstriction, decreased insulin release, increase of lipids and atherogenesis, masks hypoglycemia
-C/I: asthmatics, DM, hypercholesterolemia, heart block end stage HF

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37
Q

Carvedilol (Coreg)

A

Combined alpha and beta blocker to tx HTN

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38
Q

Labetalol (Trandate)

A

Combined alpha and beta blocker to tx HTN, used in pregnancy, HTN emergencies
-SE: hepatotoxicity

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39
Q

Metoprolol (Lopressor)

A

Cardio specific or B1 blocker for treating HTN

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40
Q

Nebivolol (Bystolic)

A

Cardio specific or B1 blocker for treating HTN, has NO (vasodilation)

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41
Q

Atenolol (Tenormin)

A

Cardio specific or B1 blocker for treating HTN

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42
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

DOC for tx acute anginal attack

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43
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil)

A

tx angina, decreases oxygen demand
SE: headaches, tolerance

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44
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra)

A

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor
tx - ED, pulmonary HTN
C/I: Nitrates
CYP3A4 interactions

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45
Q

Vardenafil (Levitra)

A

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor - faster onset than sildenafil

46
Q

Tadalafil (Cialis)

A

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor - longer duration

47
Q

Lovastatin (Mevacor)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

48
Q

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

49
Q

Rosuvastatin (Crestor)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

50
Q

Pravastatin (Pravachol)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

51
Q

Simvastatin (Zocor)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

52
Q

Fluvastatin (Lescol)

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor - treats hyperlipidemia

53
Q

Cholestyramine (Questran)

A

bile acid binding resins, very safe but can inhibit other drug absorption

54
Q

Niacin (Nicotinic acid, Vitamin B3)

A

impairs synthesis of lipoproteins, effective at increasing HDL and treating hypercholesterolemia

55
Q

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)

A

fibric acid derivative - increases catabolism of VLDL, effective at treating hypertriglyceridemia

56
Q

Fenofibrate (Tricor)

A

fibric acid derivative - increases catabolism of VLDL, effective at treating hypertriglyceridemia

57
Q

Warfarin (Coumadin)

A

clotting factor synthesis inhibitor - anticoagulant, prevention of emboli development
-INR(2-3)

58
Q

Heparin sodium (Liquaemin)

A

immediate onset anticoagulant, high-molecular weight heparin
PTT 2-2.5

59
Q

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

A

low molecular weight heparin, anticoagulant

60
Q

Dabigatran (Pradaxa)

A

direct thrombin inhibitor, anticoagulant
-antidote: Idarucizumab (Praxbind)

61
Q

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

A

direct inhibitor of factor Xa, anticoagulant

62
Q

Apixaban (Eliquis)

A

direct inhibitor of factor Xa, anticoagulant

63
Q

Protamine sulfate

A

binds and inhibits heparin

64
Q

Idarucizumab (Praxbind)

A

antidote to Dabigatran (a direct inhibitor of thrombin)

65
Q

Factor Xa (Andexxa)

A

needed for clot formation - antidote to factor Xa inhibitors: rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and apixaban (Eliquis)

66
Q

Alteplase / t-PA (Activase)

A

fibrinolytic - converts plasminogen to plasmin to lyse clots

67
Q

Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)

A

inhibits tPA, treatment for bleeding disorders (pro-clotting) can be used for hemophilia

68
Q

Aspirin

A

inhibitors of prostaglandin production, antiplatelet agent
-secondary prevention of CV events

69
Q

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

A

inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, irreversible, used for pts with aspiring allergy
-interacts w/omeprazole
-DOC after coronary stent sx

70
Q

Ticlopidine (Ticlid)

A

inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, irreversible, used for pts with aspiring allergy
-interacts w/omeprazole
-DOC after coronary stent sx

71
Q

Abciximab (ReoPro)

A

decreases platelet aggregation by inhibiting GPIIb/IIa receptor

72
Q

Dipyridamole

A

coronary vasodilator, combine with aspirin

73
Q

Esmolol (Brevibloc)

A

Beta 1 selective blocker drug, short acting, IV

74
Q

Betaxolol (Betoptic)

A

beta 1 selective blocker, can be used topically in eye to tx glaucoma

75
Q

Carteolol (Cartol)

A

partial agonist, beta-blocker, can be used in eye
said to have intrinsic sympathetic activity

76
Q

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker, little effect on BP but used to tx BPH

77
Q

Phentolamine (Regitine)

A

alpha-receptor blocker
can be used to prevent necrosis after accidental NE injection

78
Q

Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)

A

alpha-receptor blocker, irreversible, very long acting

79
Q

Leuprolide (Lupron)

A

GnRH agonist, suppresses LH/FSH release (long term), DOC for endometriosis, IVF, precocious puberty, etc.

80
Q

Goserelin (Zoladex)

A

GnRH Agonist

81
Q

Estradiol (Estraderm)

A

estrogen given in cream/patches

82
Q

Ethinyl estradiol

A

estrogen used in oral contraceptives (not available individually)

83
Q

Premarin

A

conjugated estrogens, used for HRT

84
Q

Tamoxifen (Novaldex)

A

Antiestrogen - SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator) tx. pre-menopausal breast cancer, AE: can cause crystalline retinopathy

85
Q

Raloxifene (Evista)

A

Antiestrogen, SERM, tx: osteoporosis

86
Q

Clomiphene (Clomid)

A

Antiestrogen, SERM, used for fertility but can cause multiple pregnancies

87
Q

Anastrozole (Arimidex)

A

aromatase inhibitors (stops conversion to estrogen) tx: postmenopausal breast cancer

88
Q

Progesterone (generic)

A

Progestins - used in contraceptives

89
Q

Medroxyprogesterone (Provera)

A

progestin

90
Q

Levonorgestrel (Plan B)

A

progestin

91
Q

Mifepristone (RU 486, Mifeprex)

A

anti-progestin, taken to terminate a pregnancy

92
Q

Danazol (Danocrine)

A

anti-progestin, can treat endometriosis but not DOC

93
Q

Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol (Yasmin, Yaz)

A

combination oral contraceptive, the only one approved to treat PMDD

94
Q

Testosterone (generic, Testoderm transdermal)

A

Androgen

95
Q

Flutamide (Eulexin)

A

Anti-androgen (androgen receptor antagonist) tx: prostate cancer w/GnRH agonist

96
Q

Finasteride (Propecia)

A

5a-reductase inhibitor (stops conversion to DHT) tx: BPH and male pattern baldness

97
Q

Insulin lispro (Humalog)

A

Rapid-acting insulin - IV

98
Q

Insulin, inhaled (Afrezza)

A

Rapid-acting insulin

99
Q

Regular insulin (Novolin R, Humulin R)

A

Short-acting insulin, IV

100
Q

NPH Insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N, isophane)

A

Intermediate-acting insulins

101
Q

Insulin glargine (Lantus)

A

Long-acting insulins

102
Q

Insulin detemir (Levemir)

A

Long-acting insulins

103
Q

Metformin

A

a biguanide, oral, DOC, only used in type 2 DM, decreases glucose levels (euglycemia), does not increase weight, decreases risk of CV events
C/I: renal failure
AE: lactic acidosis, diarrhea

104
Q

Exenatide (Byetta)

A

glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), incretin mechanism, stimulates pancreas beta cells, causes weight loss
AE/caution w/pancreatitis
injected

105
Q

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

A

dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitor, inhibits DPP-4 so glucose gets to beta cells better, no effect on weight

106
Q

Canagliflozin (Invokana)

A

SGLT-2 inhibitor, oral, weight loss, decrease risk of CV events
AE: UTIs
C/I: renal impairment

107
Q

Pioglitazone (Actos)

A

thiazolidinedione derivative, increases insulin sensitivity
AE: edema, increased heart failure risk, macular edema

108
Q

Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, delays carb absorption, causes gas and GI issues, no effect on weight

109
Q

Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride, Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

A

Sulfonylureas, stimulate insulin release from pancreas beta cells. AE: weight gain, hypoglycemia
C/I: sulfa allergy

110
Q

Repaglinide

A

meglitinides - bind K+ channels, increases insulin release

111
Q

Pramlintide (Symlin)

A

amylin-like peptide (synthetic analogue), only used as an insulin adjunct, can be used in Type 1 DM, injected, causes weight loss

112
Q

Glucagon injection

A

hyperglycemic agent to treat hypoglycemia in patients with sufficient glycogen stores, increases glucose levels. produced by alpha cells (pancreas)

Ocular Pharmacology (10 decks)

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