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Ocular Pharmacology > 1691 Midterm material > Flashcards

1691 Midterm material Flashcards

1
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Miconazole

A

Fungal skin infections (ex. Athlete’s foot)

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2
Q

Combination drugs: Polytrim

A

Polymyxin B, trimethoprim; drops

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3
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Nystatin

A

Fungal infections of skin, intestinal tract, orifices

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4
Q

Pink bottle cap

A

Steroid drop

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5
Q

Why are ‘old’ drugs still used sometimes when there are newer antibacterials?

A

Old drugs are good for cover (prevention) vs. actual treatment. Serious infections require new drug as there will be less resistance to newer drugs, however overuse of the new drugs leads to quicker development of resistance to them too
Also patient compliance and cost of drug can make old drug a better choice

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6
Q

Which oral antibacterial drug has a black box warning on Z-pack for fatal arrhythmia? (47/1M courses)

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax brand)

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7
Q

Combination drugs: Neosporin and Polysporin

A

Polymyxin B, neomycin, bacitracin; ointment

Polysporin is w/o neomycin

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8
Q

uncompetitive antagonism

A

stabilizes binding of ligand-receptor complex, prevents re-stimulation of receptor by fresh agonist

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9
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

PRISH: pain, redness, immobility (loss of function), swelling, heat
inflammation often goes with infection but can also occur by itself*

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10
Q

Why is a steroid used (in combination) for infections and what should be considered?

A

Steroid is used to limit damage from an infection caused by the immune response itself. Combined steroid/antibiotic treatment should be started AFTER treatment with antibiotics alone has gotten the infection under control

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11
Q

Abrasion signs and symptoms

A

Sharp pain, photophobia, FBS, tearing, discomfort w/blinking, hx of trauma, epithelial defect that stains w/fluorescein

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12
Q

solid drug delivery systems

A

collagen shields soaked in drug, inserts in lower fornix, paper strips (ex. fluorescein strip), cotton pledget

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13
Q

Morgan lens

A

large CL with opening in center attached to tubing for continuous irrigation

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14
Q

enteral

A

by mouth, p.o., oral, sublingual, etc

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15
Q

Topical treatment for blepharitis/MGD…

A

Bacitracin (ing, 1/2”, qhs) CWI, cidal, sustained release
Azithromycin 1% (1 drop BID for 2 days, then once a day for 12d) macrolide, PSI, static, also has anti-lipase activity and improves quality of meibum

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16
Q

Treatment for fungal keratitis

A

Natamycin 5%* gtts q1-2hr around the clock, taper over 4-6 wks
In addition: fluconazole 200-400mg loading dose then 100-200mg po QD
(Amphoteracin gtts or Voriconazole 200mg po BID or topical)
Subconj injection of fluconazole possible
Or intrastromal voriconazole for more serious cases

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17
Q

Topical antibiotics: gentamycin and tobramycin are…

A

Aminoglycosides

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18
Q

Lincosamide (clindamycin)

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S), bacteriostatic, gram + and - , anaerobes, Protozoa, acne, MRSA, diarrhea

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19
Q

Km

A

the concentration of substrate that produces half of the maximum rate of processing

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20
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Foscarnet

A

Antiviral (CMV)

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21
Q

Topical hordeolum tx:

A

Bacitracin or erythromycin ointment
For external - apply ung to lid margin to reduce bacterial load
For internal - apply ung to cul-de-sac as prophylaxis against following conjunctivitis
(Older drugs fine as resistance not as important)

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22
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Folate metabolism inhibitors (sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, *sulfisoxasole) bacteriostatic, gram + and - , widespread resistance (oldest antibacterial drugs). Primary ocular use is for treating toxoplasmosis, many side effects including nephrotoxicity and hypersensitivity (stevens Johnson)

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23
Q

Topical antibiotics: besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin are…

A

Fluoroquinolones

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24
Q

Common infecting organisms causing bacterial keratitis

A

Staph aureus, Staph epidermidis, Staph pneumoniae, Strep viridans, Moraxella, Propionibacterium acnes, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Haemophilus, Nisseria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in CL wearers)

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25
Q

partial agonist

A

same effect as agonist but to a lesser degree, reduces effect of natural ligand or full agonists to its own level of effect (ex. buspirone is a serotinergic partial agonist)

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26
Q

competitive antagonism

A

can be reversed by increasing concentration of agonist; agonist and antagonist are competing for the same site of action

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27
Q

Preseptal cellulitis tx:

A

Mild cases, oral tx - Augmentin

  • Keflex 250-500mg QID 10-14d
  • Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactria) 400mg/80mg BID po
  • moxifloxacin 400mg q24hr po (bone, joint, tendon effects)
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28
Q

Treatment for community acquired MRSA

A

Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim DS 800mg/160mg BIDx10d
Clindamycin 300-600mg TID x10d
Doxycycline 100mg BID x10d

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29
Q

ED50

A

dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects

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30
Q

receptors: desensitization vs. supersensitization

A

desensitization is caused by extended prescence of an agonist (ex. opioids). supersensitization is caused by prolonged absence of agonists or extended presence of antagonist (ex. pilocarpine in Adie’s pupil, or apraclonidine in Horner’s syndrome)

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31
Q

What is rosacea?

A

Long term skin condition that typically affects nose, cheeks, forehead, chin, involving redness, pimples, swelling, small and superficial dilated blood vessels, possibly rhinophyma
Cause is unknown, symptoms worsen due to triggers such as heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, stress, or steroid face creams
Can use brimonidine gel to treat redness

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32
Q

Macrolides

A

Azithromycin*, clarithromycin, neomycin
Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S), bacteriostatic, mostly gram + some - , high strep resistance to older drugs (erythromycin), hypersensitivity, GI effects, reversible hepatitis

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33
Q

Efficacy

A

the size of the effect of a drug

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34
Q

Which oral antibacterial should not be used in young children or nursing mothers?

A

Tetracyclines, has anti-inflammatory (matrix metaloproteinase inhibition) and bacterial lipase inhibiting activities (good for MGD)
Doxycycline

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35
Q

Polymyxin B*, Polymyxin E

A

Membrane disruptors, bactericidal, gram - . Polymyxin B is used with other drugs such as trimethoprim (Polytrim), can cause nephro and ototoxicity

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36
Q

What are the common pathogens that can cause blepharitis/MGD?

A

Most common by far is Staph aureus. Also can be Strep epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Moraxella spp. (mostly gram +, but minor contribution from gram - )

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37
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Cidofir

A

Antiviral (CMV)

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38
Q

Penicillins

A

amoxicillin*, dicloxacillin, CWI, bactericidal, gram + to extended spectrum, some gram - , beta lactamase sensitive (unless giving with beta lactamase inhibitor like clavulanate), considerable resistance developed for older drugs, very low toxicity, but common allergy

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39
Q

Oxervate (cenegermin-BKBJ ophthalmic solution)

A

rhNGF, helps neurotrophic keratitis infection but does not get sensation back
1 drop 6x/d at 2hr intervals for 8wks
~$100k :(

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40
Q

barriers to absorption of drugs in eye

A

corneal epithelial and endothelial cells, and the relative impermeability of cornea and sclera

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41
Q

What to look at to distinguish infective inflammation from sterile inflammation

A

exposure to infective sources, duration (viral is slower), presentation, appearance of discharge, health history, culturing

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42
Q

Which oral antibacterial drug can be used if patient has penicillin allergies?

A

Macrolides (Azithromycin, erythromycin)

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43
Q

Bacitracin

A

CWI, bactericides, primarily gram + coverage, some gram - , usually topical administration due to nephrotoxicity

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44
Q

Empirical approach vs. pragmatic approach

A

empirical - treat and observe effect

pragmatic - treat both, leads to overuse of antibiotics

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45
Q

Gramicidin

A

Cell membrane disruptor, bactericidal (depending on bacterial growth phase, may also be basteriostatic), gram + coverage, used with other drugs, topical only (hemolysis)

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46
Q

Abrasion with no infection should still be treated for cover, how?

A

Erythromycin, bacitracin, polysporin ung Q2-4h, or Polytrim gtts QID
If secondary to vegetable matter or fingernails - fluoroquinolone gtts QID or ung Q2-4h to slow possible fungal growth
CL wearers must also have antipseudomonal coverage (tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, other floxacins ung Q2-4h or gtts QID)

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47
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Rifampin

A

TB

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48
Q

At risk populations for community acquired MRSA:

A

Children, toddlers, babies, prison inmates, athletes, pts known to be colonized

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49
Q

therapeutic index ratio:

A

LD50/ED50

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50
Q

What is dacryocystitis and what commonly causes it?

A

Infection of lacrimal sac usually secondary to nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Most common infective organisms are Staph, Strep, also H. Influenzae, pseudomonas, enterobacteriacaea
(Use broad spectrum drugs!)

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51
Q

Viral conjunctivitis includes three main types/viruses

A

Herpes simplex (HSV), herpes zoster (HZV), adenovirus

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52
Q

Vancomycin

A

CWI, bactericides, gram + coverage, used for MRSA, nephro and ototoxicity :(

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53
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Metronidazole

A

Ocular rosacea (facial lesions not in eye)

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54
Q

IC50

A

concentration that inhibits the effect by 50% (or dose that inhibits the effect in 50% of subjects)

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55
Q

Turquoise bottle cap

A

Prostaglandin analogs

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56
Q

LD50

A

concentration that kills 50% of the treated subjects (lethal dose)

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57
Q

parenteral

A

directly across body’s barrier defenses: intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal (subarachnoid)

58
Q

Oral antiviral drugs:

A

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famcyclovir

59
Q

HZV signs and symptoms

A

Dermatomal pain, parasthesias, skin rash, blurred vision, red eye, eye pain, Hutchinson sign, SPK, pseudodendrite (raised instead of excavated in staining, with no end bulbs like HSV)

60
Q

Antifungal drugs - oral:

A

Fluconazole* (also can be injected subconjunctival), voraconazole, used for deep, stromal infections

61
Q

types of injections into the eye

A

subconjunctival, lesional (intralesional), intravitreal, intracameral, sub-tenon’s (graft rejection, or severe uveitis), retrobulbar (behind the eye), peribulbar (outside the EOMs)

62
Q

antagonist (inhibitor)

A

no action by itself, blocks action of natural ligand or agonist (ex. tropicamide is a cholinergic antagonist)

63
Q

Red bottle cap

A

Mydriatic and cycloplegic drops

64
Q

Associations for Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Not as common as viral conjunctivitis, more rapid progression, injection “meaty red”, mucopurulent discharge, FBS, grittiness
Bacteria commonly involved: staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, n. Gonorrhoeae, haemophilus sp. (gram + and -)

65
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamycin, tobramycin*
Protein synthesis inhibitor (30S), bacteriostatic or bactericidal, gram + and - , anti-pseudomonal
Given topical or parental, poor oral absorption, nephro and ototoxicity

66
Q

Tx for acanthamoeba keratitis - topical:

A 
Propamide isethionate (Brolene) 0.1% drops q1h
Dibromoprooamidune isethionate (Brolene ung) 0.15%
67
Q

Povidone-iodine wash regimen steps

A

Anesthetize, treat with 5% betadine ophthalmic solution for 1 minute, wash with saline for 1 minute, re-anesthetize
Best if done earlier in infection

68
Q

Supplementary treatments for blepharitis/MGD:

A

Lid scrubs to decrease bacterial burden, warm compresses to decrease the viscosity of meibum to encourage outflow, and/or expression of meibomian glands to renew meibum

69
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Oflaxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, besifloxacin
DNA synthesis inhibitors (inhibit topoisomerase) bactericidal, gram - with improving gram + coverage in successive generations, antipseudomonal
Low toxicity when used topically, but side effects can include destructive arthropathy, tendinitis, tendon rupture

70
Q

Collagen cross linking (CXL)

A

Used in cases of tx-resistant microbial keratitis, CXL inhibits enzymatic digestion of the cornea started by bacteria and fungi, enhances rigidity
Effective against Staph, MRSA, Strep, pseudomonas, Candida, Acanthaomeba, fusarium

71
Q

Capacity (Vmax or Bmax)

A

the receptors or enzymatic sites available for binding

72
Q

Orange bottle cap

A

Carbonic anhydrase inibitors (CAIs)

73
Q

emulsions

A

small droplets of water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w) - o/w is preferred for ophthalmic uses (less irritation, better tolerance), used for drugs w/low aqueous solubility. sustained release, and improved corneal residence time and penetration, also do not need to shake like suspensions

74
Q

types/forms of eye drops and what they can be used for

A

solutions (fully dissolved liquid), suspensions, emulsions, liposomes. can be used for diagnostics, anesthetics, anti-glaucoma, anti-allergy, artificial tears, etc.

75
Q

barriers to absorption of drugs in the circulatory system

A

blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary body, blood-retinal barrier in the RPE/choroid, and capillary/pericyte membranes

76
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Efanvirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir (Atripla)

A

HIV

77
Q

Fungal keratitis signs and symptoms

A

Pain, photophobia, tearing, discharge, FBS, often assoc. w/CL wear or trauma involving vegetative matter
Grey-white corneal infiltrate w/feathery border, epithelium may be elevated or ulcerated

78
Q

Light green bottle cap

A

Adrenergic agonist plus CAI

79
Q

HSV tx:

A
  • trifluridine 1% drops q2h (9x/d) until ulcer heals and then q4h (5x/d) for 7d
  • gancyclovir 0.15% gel 5x/d until ulcer heals then TID for 7d
  • Acyclovir ung 1cm ribbon 5x/d until ulcer heals then TID for 7d; or 400mg po 5x/d 10d
80
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Ethanbutol

A

TB

81
Q

How do you make a decision between using topical vs systemic administration?

A

Depends on tissue depth and seriousness of infection (ex. eyelid abrasion vs. preseptal cellulitis)

82
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis treatment:

A
  • Fluoroquinolones (besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin) topical, TID or QID, 3-7d ; loading doses
  • Polytrim, topical QID 7d
  • Azithromycin topical BID to QID 7d or oral (for chlamydia) single dose 1000mg or 3 or 5 day dosing (remember black box warning)
83
Q

inverse agonist

A

has the opposite effect of the natural ligand or its agonists, neural systems related to anxiety and appetite, no approved drugs in US

84
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Lamivudine

A

HIV

85
Q

Green bottle cap

A

Miotic drops

86
Q

Oral hordeolum tx:

A

Cephalexin (cephalosporin, CWI, cidal), Augmentin (penicillin w/clavulanate, CWI, cidal), Dicloxacillin (penicillin, CWI, cidal) for cases that don’t respond to topical treatment
-focus on gram + (don’t want to kill gram - systemically)

87
Q

Potency

A

dosage at which a given level of effect is achieved

88
Q

Anti fungal drugs - topical:

A

Natamycin*, also amphoteracin (off label), disrupt membrane, best for surface infections as penetration of the cornea not very good

89
Q

HSV signs and symptoms

A

Red eye, pain, photophobia, tearing, decreased vision, vesicular rash on eyelid, conj injection w/follicles
Macropunctate keratitis, dendritic keratitis, geographical ulcer

90
Q

Topical antibiotics: azithromycin and erythromycin are…

A

Macrolides

91
Q

liposomes drops

A

lipid vesicles with aqueous core, can encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs and create good penetrability for them since the lipid vesicles are membrane-like on the outside, sustained release

92
Q

Ethambutol

A

CWI, bacteriostatic, effective against TB bacteria

93
Q

treatment considerations

A

type of infecting organism, location of the infection, the natural course of the infection, patient’s immune status (age, pregnancy, allergies, etc), likelihood that organism is drug-resistant

94
Q

Suprachoroidal injection

A

injection into suprachoroidal space (SCS), less likely to have IOP spikes, with concentration 10-fold greater than IVT

95
Q

intracameral

A

route of administration directly into the anterior chamber of the eye, mostly used in cataract surgery

96
Q

Dacryocystitis prophylaxis tx for neonates…

A

Topical trimethoprim/Polymyxin B (Polytrim)

97
Q

affinity (Kd)

A

the concentration of ligand that produces binding to half of the receptors. lower concentration (Kd) = the higher the affinity
also lower affinity = tighter binding

98
Q

Bacterial keratitis signs and symptoms

A

Conjunctival injection, FBS, pain, decreased VA, photophobia, discharge (purulent or mucopurulent), focal white opacity in corneal stroma, may have overlying ulcer, often seen in CL wear

99
Q

Subconjunctival injections

A

injection of drug into space bw anterior conj and Tenon’s capsule. Usually used to treat severe corneal disease, anterior uveitis or scleritis

100
Q

CXL tx regimen

A

Anesthetize cornea, riboflavin in dextran (0.5-1%) is instilled over 30m at intervals of 2-3m, cornea is irradiated with UVA (365nm, total dose 5.4J/cm2), topical antibiotics can be given

101
Q

Topical antivirals:

A

Trifluridine (Viroptic)
Gancyclovir (Zinfandel)
Acyclovir (Avaclr) new

102
Q

Tx for acanthamoeba keratitis- oral:

A

Itraconazole 400mg loading dose, then 100-200mg QD
Ketoconazole 200mg QD
Voriconazole 200mg QD to BID

103
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Folate metabolism inhibitor, bacteriostatic, gram + and - , primarily used in combinations, toxicities associated w/folate deficiency, (used mostly in combination with sulfonamide)

104
Q

Which oral antibacterial drug is better in pediatric patients due to its effectiveness against H. influenza in ocular/adnexal infections?

A

Penicillins (ex. Augmentin - amoxicillin with clavulanate)

105
Q

Infectious agents for fungal keratitis…

A

Fusarium, Aspergillus, Candida, pseudomonas in CL wearers
-incorrect dx 55% of the time, smears and cultures are gold standard, also can be seen on confocal microscopy or ant. seg OCT

106
Q

What causes blepharitis/MGD and what can it lead to?

A

Due to bacterial colonization of lid margin, lid glands, or cilia follicles. Can lead to lid changes (thickening, telangiectasia), bacterial toxins can cause conjunctivitis, SPK, corneal infiltrates, and phlyctenules

107
Q

noncompetitive antagonism

A

can’t be reversed by increasing concentration of agonist; antagonist acts on a different site from the agonist but prevents the agonist’s action (steric or allosteric inhibition)

108
Q

bacterial ocular infections include:

A

blepharitis, hordeolum, dacryocystitis, cellulitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, retinitis, endophthalmitis

109
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Lopinavir

A

HIV

110
Q

Purple bottle cap

A

Adrenergic agonist

111
Q

What are the common sizes for topical antibacterial? Drops, ointments…

A

5mL for a bottle of drops, 3.5G for a tube of ointment

112
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Ribavirin

A

Hepatitis C

113
Q

Acanthamoeba (protozoan) keratitis signs and symptoms

A

Severe ocular pain out of proportion to early clinical findings, redness, photophobia, symptoms persisting for wks, cornea shows pseudodendrites, inflammation, SEIs, usually assoc. w/improper CL wear (ex. in hot tub)

114
Q

normal volume of eye drop compared to normal tear volume

A

volume of drop = 50-70uL

tear volume = 3-11uL

115
Q

agonist

A

same effect as natural ligand (ex. phenylephrine is an adrenergic agonist)

116
Q

Cephalosporins

A

ceftriaxone, cephalexin, CWI, bactericidal, gram + in 1st gen to extended spectrum in 4th gen, resistance for the older drugs, major side effect of allergic response. 1st gen cross-sensitize w/penicillin

117
Q

Intravitreal injection/implants

A

drug injected into vitreous, risk of infection

118
Q

Blue and yellow bottle caps

A

beta blocker (blue are lower dose), and beta blocker combinations

119
Q

EC50

A

concentration that produces 50% of the maximum effect

120
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor (50S), bacteriostatic, broad spectrum, including non-bacterial microorganisms, aplastic anemia

121
Q

Other treatments for neurotrophic keratitis besides Oxervate…

A

Antibiotic cover, BCL, tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplantation

122
Q

What is hordeolum and what causes it?

A

Infection of sebaceous glands associated with cilia (external) or meibomian glands (internal)
The most common pathogens are Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis (gram +)

123
Q

HZV tx:

A

Acyclovir (800mg po 5x/d) famciclovir (500mg po q8h) valcyclovir (1000mg po QID)
Erythromycin ung BID as antibiotic cover

124
Q

Non-drug hordeolum tx:

A

Warm compresses 10m QID with light massage over the hordeolum, to get lesion to point and drain

125
Q

What is preseptal cellulitis?

A

Infection that causes tenderness, redness, swelling of eyelid and periorbital area. May have hx of abrasion, insect bite, sinusitis, can cause mild fever. Infecting organism is usually staph aureus, strep, h influenzae (gram + and -)

126
Q

Oral treatment for blepharitis/MGD:

A

Doxycycline (100 or 50mg QD; 20mg BID), tetracycline (250mg po QD), PSI, static, treat for 1-6 months primarily for anti-lipase activity

Azithromycin (500mg/day for 3 days/wk for 1 mo… or 500mg day 1, then 250mg for next 4 days) macrolide, PSI, static, may be better than doxy for hard to treat MGD

127
Q

Lesional injections

A

injected into or through a lesion (ex. chalazion), similar to subcutaneous injection

128
Q

antibacterial drugs (antibiotic) mechanisms

A
  • cell wall inhibitors
  • cell membrane disruptors
  • protein synthesis inhibitors (attack bacterial ribosomes)
  • folate metabolism inhibitors (anti-metabolic)
  • DNA synthesis inhibitors
129
Q

ointments and gels

A

hydrocarbon (ointment) or water (gel) based, supplied in a small tube with dosage specified as a length of ribbon squeezed from tube (ex. 1cm) usually qhs

130
Q

Other anti-infectives on board list: Zidovudine (AZT)

A

AIDS

131
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline, doxycycline, protein synthesis inhibitor (30S), bacteriostatic, broad spectrum, high resistance in common bacteria, many toxicities, discolouration of developing teeth

132
Q

What does orbital cellulitis infection look like and what causes it?

A

Red eye, pain, blurred/dbl vision, nasal/sinus congestion/pain, tooth pain, orbital pain, eyelid edema, warmth tender, conjunctival chemosis and injection, proptosis, pain on eye movement, restricted EOMs
Caused by same as preseptal, staph, strep, h. influenzae, also sometimes fungi in immunocompromised pts

133
Q

At what point or which groups of pts should you refer a preseptal cellulitis case to the hospital/imaging?

A

Children <5yrs, patient who appears toxic, patient who doesn’t improve on oral antibiotics
Admit to hospital for IV antibiotics: ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone, moxifloxacin, vancomycin

134
Q

Adenovirus (EKC) treatment…

A

Infection is self-limiting but can do a povidone-iodine wash regimen (off-label) or gancyclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% (zirgan)

135
Q

What ocular symptoms differentiate preseptal cellulitis from orbital cellulitis?

A

Proptosis, optic neuropathy, restriction of eye movement, pain on eye movement - all indicate orbital cellulitis and are not seen in preseptal

136
Q

Gray bottle cap

A

NSAID drop

137
Q

Dacryocystitis treatment:

A

Oral due to deep infection: -Cephalexin 250-500mg QID 10-14d

  • Amoxicillin w/clavulanate 400mg po q8h or 500-875mg BID for 5-7d for ADULTS, 20-40mg/kg/day po 10d for kids
  • IV cefaxolin or cefuroxime for serious adult infections
138
Q

Tan bottle cap

A

Antibiotic drop

139
Q

What is 4-3-2-1 DREW for administering a drop rx?

A

4 times a day (QID), 3ml, for 2 eyes (OU), for 1 week

normal regimen, a bit less for anti-glaucoma drops (2.5ml/wk qid ou)

140
Q

suspension drops

A

liquid dispersion of finely divided insoluble drug (drugs w/low aqueous solubility), drug dissolves after instillation of drop and can have improved absorption. container must be shaken before use it is also possible for suspension to clog tip of dropper

Ocular Pharmacology (10 decks)

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