gen chem Flashcards
how to get the value of atomic number
P=AN
- Atoms with the same atomic number or protons but differ in the number of neutrons.
- In writing the name of this, the name is followed by the mass number with a hyphen separating the name and the mass number.
- same elements/atomic number different mass
Isotopes
Positively charged ions
cation
who showed that each electron weighs 9.11x10 kg
Robert millikan
in 1911 who tried tried to prove if Thomson’s definition of an atom is correct by bombarding a metal foil with positively-charged particles called a particle.
alpha particle
Ernest Rutherford
a compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) upon mixing with water.
acid
This is the process in which a mixture is placed in a screen or a woven material that allows separation of smaller particles from the bigger granules
Sifting
These are group of two or more atoms that one chemically bonded
Molecules
In molecules, a bond is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bond is called a covalent bond.
Covalent compounds
non-metal+non-metal compound or metalloid+non-metal
covalent
Liquid-solid
Freezing
naming covalent compounds
- Give the full name of the first element.
- State the name of the second element in which the root word is retained followed by suffix “-ide”.
- Add Greek prefix to both names to indicate the number of atoms. For the first element, the prefix “mono-“ is no longer written.
There are mixtures consisting of substances that are relatively big enough to be separated by manually picking them.
Manual separation
Solid-liquid
Melting
- Number of protons in a nucleus.
- Quantity used to distinguish one element to another.
atomic number
Solid-gas
Sublimation
Weight, length and volume example of
Extensive properties
Liquid-gas
Evaporation
- Acids consisting of hydrogen attached to a nonmetallic element
binary acids
Boiling point of water temperature
100°c
- Is the true chemical formula of a molecule.
- Some cases it may be the same with empirical formula
- Representation of a molecule that uses chemical symbols to indicate the types of atoms followed by subscripts to show the number of atoms of each type of molecules.
molecular formula
- Atoms with the same mass numbers but different atomic numbers.
- Different elements, same mass
isobars
It does not depend on the size or amount of the sample
Intensive properties
Thought as a spherical, positively-charged cloud with the electrons embedded like plums in a pudding.
PLUM-PUDDING MODEL
These can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the substance(property of matters)
Physical properties
in 1932, who discovered electrically-neutral particle in an atom located in the nucleus.
neutron
James chadwick
A process that results in the formation of new substances with different properties from the original material.
chemical change
It is a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero
Bose Einstein Condensate
A mixture in which the components are evenly distributed and indistinguishable from one another throughout.
Heterogeneous mixture
A material composed of only one type of element or compound.
Pure substance
This instrument can see and measure atomic sizes
Scanning Tunneling Instrument
Ability of a substance to poison or cause harm to an organism
Toxicity
Ice melts at?
0°
These are the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air, water and base(property of matters)
Chemical Properties
Metal+non-metal compound
ionic compound
First one to prove atom’s existence
John Dalton
4th state of matter
Plasma
This method involves heating of a mixture in a dish to cause removal of the liquid substance.
Evaporation
- Acids consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and another element
oxoacids
Compact particles, little to no movement, has definite shape and density
Solid
In this process, the insoluble matter is separated from the liquid with the aid of a porous (e.g. filter paper) while allowing the liquid to pass through it.
Filtration
negatively charged ions
anion
Magnetic separation involves the use of a magnet to remove selected metals like iron, nickel, and cobalt from a mixture. However, metals like gold, silver, and aluminum are not attracted.
Magnet separation
With continuous investigation on the structure of atoms, scientists found that there are smaller particles making up an atom called?
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF AN ATOM
is an electrically charged gas. they are particles that have an electrical charge, they are affected by electrical and magnetic fields.
Plasma
Gas-solid
Deposition
These can be affected by the size and amount of samples
Extensive properties
- States that an element is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Dalton Illustrated atoms as solid spheres.
- Nowadays, this model is known as “Billiard ball model”
- He used different symbols for the elements
Dalton’s atomic theory
The solids are allowed to settle in the container before the liquid is slowly and carefully poured off, leaving the residue in the container.
Decantation
The positive charge of the nucleus is due to positively- charged particles called
proton
group of atoms with a net negative or positive charge.
ions
A substance that expands to fill its container and has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.
Gas
negative charged of an atom
electron
A substance that takes the shape of its container but has a fixed volume.
Liquid
1897, who discovered the existence of negatively-charged particle contained in an atom. He called this ELECTRON
J.J Thompson
Gas-liquid
Condensation
An example that be subjected to, is a homogeneous mixture of water and table salt. Through this method, water can be removed while leaving salt in the dish.
Evaporation
neutral charger in an atom
neutron
Any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges.
Ions
- First ones to propose that matter is made up of indivisible units, which they called atoms, from the Greek word atomos (“uncuttable”).
- For them, each type of atoms varies in shape and size.
- There are atoms that are in motion
- Some are at rest
AtomAtom* Their claims were not believed by other philosophers at that time.
Leucippus and Democritus
Is anything that has mass and occupies space
Matter
These are the smallest unit of matter that can’t be broken down chemically
Atoms
Ability of substance to burn
Flammability
covalent bond made up of two elements
binary covalent compounds
Is the process in which a solid substance is allowed to sublime, and the evolved gas is deposited on a cool surface (such as the base of a flask containing ice or cold water).
Sublimation
A mixture in which the components are evenly distributed and indistinguishable from one another throughout.
Homogeneous mixture
A material composed of only one type of element or compound, having consistent properties throughout
Physical Properties
This practice is done in the kitchen whenever one wants to sift flour to remove unwanted particles.
Sifting
Naming oxoacids
- Separate hydrogen cation from the anion.
- Identify the name of the anion.
3 . Follow the following Convention:a. If the name of the anion ends in -ite, change this suffix to -ous then follow the word acid.b. If the name of the anion ends in -ate, change this suffix to -ic then follow the word acid.
how to get the value of neutron
AM-P=N
naming binary covalent compounds
- Convert the name of the elements to their corresponding symbol. The symbol of the first-appearing element must be written first.
2.Convert the prefix to its numerical meaning. In the case of the first-appearing element without a prefix, this suggests that this element has only one atom. - Write each number as a subscript of the element it corresponds. If the prefix is mono -, do not write any number as subscript.
how to get the value of electron
AN-AC(atomic charge)=e-
A transformation that alters a substance’s appearance or state without changing its chemical composition.
Physical change
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, forming a homogeneous solution.
Solubility
how to get the value of Atomic mass
P+N=AM
Involves combination, separation and rearrangement of atoms. These atoms cannot be made nor destroyed.
Chemical reaction
A chemical formula in which the quantity of elements are reduced in their smallest whole-number ratio.
empirical formula
Is a method in which substances in a solution can be separated by loading the solution on a material that stays in place (stationary phase) and allowing a liquid or gas (mobile phase) to carry the substances.
Chromatography
A funnel is an apparatus used to separate liquids that do not mix (immiscible liquids). The liquid with the higher density is at the lower layer while the liquid with lower density floats. To release the lower layer, the stopper and the stopcock are opened until only the upper layer remains inside the funnel.
Separation using separatory funnel
Is the process in which a heterogeneous mixture is spun in a machine. This spinning causes an outward force, called centrifugal force, to the mixture, causing the residue to settle. After the process, the liquid, can be removed by simple decantation.
Centrifugation
