Gen. Bio. PPTs 1: ATP and Pigments Flashcards
What are the three main kinds of work of a cell?
Transport, Chemical, Mechanical Work.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for, based on the three kinds of work?
a. Transport: Energy currency
b. Chemical: Powers cellular work
c. Mechanical: Used to make RNA
What are 2 bonds present in ATP?
a. Phosphoanhydride Bonds: found between the triphosphate group
b. Phosphoester Bonds: found betweeen the base and triphosphate group
The bonds of ATP can be broken through ____________.
Hydrolysis
The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis
Almost all plants are _____________, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2
photoautotrophs
_________ obtain their organic material from other organisms.
- Consumers of the biosphere
Heterotrophs
_____________ are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.
Chloroplasts
A form of electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation.
Light
Light travels in ________ waves.
rhythmic
The distance between crests of waves. Determines the type of electromagnetic energy.
Wavelength
This consists of wavelengths (including those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see.
Visible light
Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles called ___________.
photons
________ are substances that absorb visible light.
Pigments
Different pigments absorb _____________.
a. Wavelengths that are not absorbed are ____________.
b. Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits ________
different wavelengths
a. reflected or transmitted
b. green light
________ are the major locations of photosynthesis.
Leaves
Their green color is from ____________, the green pigment within chloroplasts
chlorophyll
CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called ____________.
stomata
This measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths.
a. This machine sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
Spectrophotometer
Role of Pigments. Complex molecules containing Magnesium which absorb light energy in RED/BLUE regions which is used for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a and b
Role of Pigments. Absorb light mainly in GREEN part of the spectrum and pass on the energy to chlorophyll.
Carotene and Xanthophyll
Why have accessory pigments?
Broaden the absorption spectrum and pass energy onto chlorophyll
It is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.
Absorption Spectrum
The absorption spectrum of _________ suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis
chlorophyll a
An _________ profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
action spectrum
Action Spectrum. The higher the rate, the more effective the wavelength of light at providing energy for photosynthesis.
Highest: Blue -> Red
Lowest: Green -> Yellow-Orange
a. wavelengths of light ABSORBED BY PIGMENT
b. wavelengths of light where PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS
a. Absorption Spectrum
b. Action Spectrum
The action spectrum of photosynthesis was first demonstrated in 1883 by _________
Theodor W. Engelmann
Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess ________
O2
What is the main photosynthetic pigment?
Chlorophyll a
Accessory Pigment. Broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll b
Accessory Pigment. Absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll.
Carotenoids
Comparison of Pigments. Chlorophyll ‘b’ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ in having ___________ instead of CH3(Methyl) group at the 3rd C atom in II Pyrrol ring
CHO (aldehyde)group
Comparison of Pigments. Chlorophyll ‘c’ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ by lacking ________.
phytol tail
Comparison of Pigments. Chlorophyll ____ differs from Chlorophyll ‘a’ in having O-CHO group instead of CH-CH2 group at 2nd Carbon in the 1st Pyrrol ring.
‘d’
Comparison of Pigments. _________ have open tetra pyrrols and they have neither Mg nor phytol chain
Phycobilins
Comparison of Pigments. Pheophytin resembles Chlorophyll ‘a’ except that it lacks ________ and has __________
Mg atom; two H atoms
Summary of Comparisons of Chlorophyll:
B: has CHO
C. no phytol tail
D: has O-CHO group
Pheophytin: no Mg atom, has 2 H atoms
Phycobilins: no Mg nor phytol chain
Pigments. Yellow to Orange
- Absorb strong blue to violet region
- Protect chlorophyll from photo-oxidative damage (AKA SHIELD PIGMENTS)
- Absorb light and transfer it to chlorophyll
Carotenoids
Pigment Example.
Ripening of fruits, floral colors, and leaf colors during autumn.
Carotenoids
Pigments. Orange, Red, Yellow, and Brownish pigments.
- Hydrocarbons (lipids)
- Precursor of vitamin A
Carotenes
Pigment Example.
Red pigment found in fruits of tomato, red peppers, and roses. Ex. Lycopene
Carotenes
Pigments. Yellow (like carotenes but contain oxygen).
C40H56O2
Xanthophylls
Pigment Example.
Yellow color change of leaves in autumn season. Ex. Lutein, Violaxanthin, Fucoxanthin
Xanthophylls
Pigments. Proteinaceous pigments, soluble in water, and do not contain Mg and phytol tail.
Two forms:
- Phycocyanin in cyanobacteria
- Phycoerythrin in rhodophycean algae (red algae)
Phycobilins
