Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genes Evo & Dev Y1 > GED L21 Notes > Flashcards

GED L21 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Name the blood lineages

A

• Blood lineages:

  • Erythrocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the characteristics of Erythrocytes

A 
•	Erythrocytes:
-	Transport O2
-	Lifespan -> 120 days
-	Enucleated 
-> Mammals
>> For max. Hb storage within cells.
-	Nucleated
-> All animals except mammals
-	Approx. 2-3 x1013 RBCs in body
-	2 million produced per second.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do erythrocytes not have a nucleus in mammals

A
  • Enucleated
    -> Mammals
    » For max. Hb storage within cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the innate immune system

A
  • Innate Immune System:
     Ancestral immune system
     Combats infection -> non-specific manner
     No provision of long lasting immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What types of cell form part of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two main components of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the Neutrophils

A 
>> Neutrophils
o	Function
-> Acute phase -> inflammation
o	10-12um
o	Lifespan -> 10 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the Eosinophils

A 
>> Eosinophils
o	Function
-> Combat infection
    >> Allergy & asthma
o	10-12um
o	Lifespan -> 10 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the Macrophages

A 
>> Macrophages
o	Function
-> Inflammation
-> Combat infection
-> Phagocytosis
-> Stimulate lymphocytes
o	20um
o	Lifespan:
>> Activated -> days
>> Inactivated -> years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Adaptive Immune System:
     Evolved -> Jawed vertebrates
     Combats infection -> Highly specific
     Provides long-lasting immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What types of cells comprise of the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells
Memory B-cells
T-cells
Memory T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe B-cells

A

> > B-cells

o Secrete large quantities -> Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Memory B-cells

A

> > Memory B-cells
o Formed -> Activated B-cells
o Lifespan -> Many years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe T-cells

A

> > T-cells
o Destroy
-> Virally infected cells
-> Tumour cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Memory T-cells

A

> > Memory T-cells
o Antigen-specific T-cells
o Long term persistence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the development of Blood cells

A

Derive from multipotent haematopoietic stem cells&raquo_space; Can differentiate into any type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the main types of cells

A

 Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )

 Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cells comprise the  Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )

A

 Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )
» Small lymphocyte
> B-lymphocyte -> Plasma cell
> T-lymphocyte
» Large granular lymphocyte (Killer T-cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells comprise the Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )

A

 Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )
» Megakayocyte
> Thrombocytes (Platelets)
» Erythrocytes
» Mast cells
» Myeloblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the Megakaryocyte produce?

A

> Thrombocytes (Platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do monocytes produce?

A

Macrophages

23
Q

What types of cells comprise the Myeloblasts?

A 
>> Myeloblasts
     > Basophil
     > Neutrophil
     > Eosinophil
     > Monocytes -> Macrophage
24
Q

Outline the location of the Stem cells throughout development

A 
•	Stem Cell Prescence:
	Location of stem cells constantly changes throughout development
-	Yolk sac
-	Aorta, gonad & mesonephros
-	Placenta 
-	Foetal Liver 
-	Bone Marrow (Adult)
25
Q

What are the effects of radiation on humans?

A

Aplastic anaemia
Nausea & vomiting
Hair loss
Generally lethal

26
Q

Describe how aplastic anaemia is caused as a result of radiation

A

 Aplastic anaemia
 Decr. RBC count
&raquo_space; Radiation destroys RBCs (Incl. Stem cells)

27
Q

Describe how nausea & vomiting is caused as a result of radiation

A

 Nausea & vomiting
 Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Crypt of Digestive tract
> Differentiation -> Adult Stem Cells
-> Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs)

28
Q

Describe how hair loss is caused as a result of radiation

A

 Hair loss
 Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Bulge of Hair follicles
> Differentiation -> Adult Stem cells
 Labelling of adult stem cells -> Hair follicle w/ blue dye
» Adult stem cells differentiate
-> Basal skin cells surrounding hair follicle
-> Hair follicle cells

29
Q

Describe the functional assay of haematapoietic stem cells for prevention & treatment of radiation effects

A

 Functional Assay -> Haematopoietic Stem Cells
» Study of radiation on model organisms
> Mice & Dogs.
» In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells
> Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated
organisms.

30
Q

What treatment can be used to treat lethally radiated organisms?

A

> > In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells
Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated
organisms.

31
Q

What scientist led to the discovery & understanding of stem cells?

A

Donnall Thomas

32
Q

What development did Donnall Thomas make in regards to stem cells?

A

Use of bone marrow transplants

Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation

33
Q

Describe the discovery of bone marrow transplants

A

> > Use of bone marrow transplants
> Congenital or acquired disease
> First performed -> 1950s
-> Treatment -> Acute myeloid leukaemia

34
Q

Describe the development of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

> > Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation
> Harvest stem cells -> Peripheral Blood
-> Easier
-> Less invasive

35
Q

What are the two main types of stem cells used in stem cell therapy?

A

Adult stem cells

iPS cells

36
Q

Describe how adult stem cells are used in Stem Cell Therapies

A
  • Combination -> Haematopoietic / Progenitor cells
    -> Gene Editing technologies
    &raquo_space; Cure previously intractable diseases eg. HIV
37
Q

Describe the use of adult stem cells to cure HIV

A

 HIV:
Small resistant population of humans -> HIV
» Mutation -> T-cell Receptor (CCR5)
-> HIV binding-site for infection
 Possible treatment:
&raquo_space; Mutation -> CCR5 gene -> Adult stem cells
&raquo_space; Re-implant mutated cells
-> New cells regenerated by stem cells -> Resistant to HIV

38
Q

Describe treatment of leukaemia using adult stem cells

A

 Leukemia:
 Treatment -> Unresponsive illnesses
Eg. Child Leukemias -> No response to standard treatments.

39
Q

What types of adult epithelial stem cells have been used in stem cell therapy?

A

Cornea

Skin

40
Q

Why are epithelial stem cell used in Stem Cell Therapy?

A

> > Epithelia -> High prolific regeneration rate

Eg. Cornea

41
Q

Describe the reasoning behind use of corneal stem cells to treat illnesses

A

 Cornea:
 Limbus
-> (Between iris & white of eye)
&raquo_space; Adult stem cells
-> Regenerate cornea throughout lifespan
 Injured eye -> Destruction of Stem cells
&raquo_space; Growth of unspecialised skin
-> White & untransparant
-> Originates -> White of eye
&raquo_space; Due to Removal of stem cells
&raquo_space; Results -> Blindness

42
Q

Outline the process of using corneal stem cells to treat eyesight problems

A

Treatment:
&raquo_space; Transplant of cornea -> Restore eyesight
> Must contain stem cells
Otherwise only temporary restoration.

43
Q

Describe Epidermolysis Bullosa & how skin stem cell therapy can be used to treat it

A

 Skin:
 Epidermolysis Bullosa
&raquo_space; Constant falling off of skin.
 Mutation -> Proteins of Extracellular Matrix
Eg. Laminins
» Adhere epidermis & underlying dermis -> Skin.
 Skin Stem-cell Therapy
&raquo_space; Took remaining stem cells
> Edit -> Enable ability to produce laminin (Remove mutation)
> Mass production / culture
> Transplant across body
&raquo_space; Enables regeneration of normal skin cells & partly cure.

44
Q

What illnesses can iPS cells be used to treat

A

Age related macular degeneration
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Demylelination Diseases

45
Q

Describe age related macular degeneration of the eye & possible treatment methods

A
  • Age-related macular degeneration:
    » Loss of Retinal Epithelial cells of eye
    –> Nourish Photoreceptors
    &raquo_space; Subsequent loss of photoreceptors
    > Particularly in areas of high acuity -> centre of eye
     Possible Treatment:
    &raquo_space; Addition of Retinal epithelial cells
    > In vitro production -> Retinal Epithelial Cells
    &raquo_space; Embryonic Stem cells
    > Insert patch -> Retinal epithelial cells -> Affected area
    &raquo_space; Restores vision -> Animal models
46
Q

Describe the two types of matter which comprise of the neural system

A

 Neural stem cells differentiate

    - > Neurons  (Grey matter)
    - > Glia  (White matter)
47
Q

Name the types of cells neural stem cells can differentiate into

A

Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

48
Q

What is a major function of the oligodendrocytes?

A

–> Oligodendrocyte
&raquo_space; Lays down myelin -> Central Nervous System
Eg. Myelin Sheath -> Movement

49
Q

What is the name of the scientist responsible for development of treatment methods for demyelination diseases?

A

Steven Goldman

50
Q

Describe the treatment of demyelination diseases

A

> > Use of Gilial progenitor cell sources
> Regenerate many types of cells
Eg. hiPSC Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs)
Using differentiated human Oligodendrocyte cells
–> Transplant -> brains -> neonatal mice
&raquo_space; Extend survival -> Hypomyelinated Shiverer Mice
&raquo_space; Improved intelligence of mice

51
Q

What is the function of the glia

A

-> Glia (White matter)
&raquo_space; Nourish / support cells -> Nervous System
&raquo_space; Essential -> Brain & Neural function

52
Q

Name some examples of diseases of the glia

A 
•	Diseases -> Glia 
> Cerebral Paulsy
> Leukodystrophies 
> Inflammatory demyelination 
> Autoimmune demyelination.
53
Q

What is the glia?

A

White matter

> derived from neural stem cells?

54
Q

What are most degenerative diseases due to?

A

• Most degenerative diseases

|&raquo_space; Diseases of cell supporting non-functioning cells

Genes Evo & Dev Y1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions