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GED L21 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Name the blood lineages

A

• Blood lineages:

  • Erythrocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes
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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of Erythrocytes

A 
•	Erythrocytes:
-	Transport O2
-	Lifespan -> 120 days
-	Enucleated 
-> Mammals
>> For max. Hb storage within cells.
-	Nucleated
-> All animals except mammals
-	Approx. 2-3 x1013 RBCs in body
-	2 million produced per second.
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3
Q

Why do erythrocytes not have a nucleus in mammals

A
  • Enucleated
    -> Mammals
    » For max. Hb storage within cells.
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4
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Immune response

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5
Q

Describe the innate immune system

A
  • Innate Immune System:
     Ancestral immune system
     Combats infection -> non-specific manner
     No provision of long lasting immunity
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6
Q

What types of cell form part of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages

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7
Q

What are the two main components of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

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8
Q

Describe the Neutrophils

A 
>> Neutrophils
o	Function
-> Acute phase -> inflammation
o	10-12um
o	Lifespan -> 10 days
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9
Q

Describe the Eosinophils

A 
>> Eosinophils
o	Function
-> Combat infection
    >> Allergy & asthma
o	10-12um
o	Lifespan -> 10 days
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10
Q

Describe the Macrophages

A 
>> Macrophages
o	Function
-> Inflammation
-> Combat infection
-> Phagocytosis
-> Stimulate lymphocytes
o	20um
o	Lifespan:
>> Activated -> days
>> Inactivated -> years
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11
Q

Describe the characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Adaptive Immune System:
     Evolved -> Jawed vertebrates
     Combats infection -> Highly specific
     Provides long-lasting immunity
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12
Q

What types of cells comprise of the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells
Memory B-cells
T-cells
Memory T-cells

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13
Q

Describe B-cells

A

> > B-cells

o Secrete large quantities -> Antibodies

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14
Q

Describe Memory B-cells

A

> > Memory B-cells
o Formed -> Activated B-cells
o Lifespan -> Many years

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15
Q

Describe T-cells

A

> > T-cells
o Destroy
-> Virally infected cells
-> Tumour cells

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16
Q

Describe Memory T-cells

A

> > Memory T-cells
o Antigen-specific T-cells
o Long term persistence

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17
Q

Describe the development of Blood cells

A

Derive from multipotent haematopoietic stem cells&raquo_space; Can differentiate into any type of cell

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18
Q

Name the main types of cells

A

 Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )

 Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )

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19
Q

What cells comprise the  Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )

A

 Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )
» Small lymphocyte
> B-lymphocyte -> Plasma cell
> T-lymphocyte
» Large granular lymphocyte (Killer T-cell)

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20
Q

What cells comprise the Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )

A

 Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )
» Megakayocyte
> Thrombocytes (Platelets)
» Erythrocytes
» Mast cells
» Myeloblasts

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21
Q

What does the Megakaryocyte produce?

A

> Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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22
Q

What do monocytes produce?

A

Macrophages

23
Q

What types of cells comprise the Myeloblasts?

A 
>> Myeloblasts
     > Basophil
     > Neutrophil
     > Eosinophil
     > Monocytes -> Macrophage
24
Q

Outline the location of the Stem cells throughout development

A 
•	Stem Cell Prescence:
	Location of stem cells constantly changes throughout development
-	Yolk sac
-	Aorta, gonad & mesonephros
-	Placenta 
-	Foetal Liver 
-	Bone Marrow (Adult)
25
What are the effects of radiation on humans?
Aplastic anaemia Nausea & vomiting Hair loss Generally lethal
26
Describe how aplastic anaemia is caused as a result of radiation
 Aplastic anaemia  Decr. RBC count >> Radiation destroys RBCs (Incl. Stem cells)
27
Describe how nausea & vomiting is caused as a result of radiation
 Nausea & vomiting  Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Crypt of Digestive tract > Differentiation -> Adult Stem Cells -> Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs)
28
Describe how hair loss is caused as a result of radiation
 Hair loss  Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Bulge of Hair follicles > Differentiation -> Adult Stem cells  Labelling of adult stem cells -> Hair follicle w/ blue dye >> Adult stem cells differentiate -> Basal skin cells surrounding hair follicle -> Hair follicle cells
29
Describe the functional assay of haematapoietic stem cells for prevention & treatment of radiation effects
 Functional Assay -> Haematopoietic Stem Cells >> Study of radiation on model organisms > Mice & Dogs. >> In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells > Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated organisms.
30
What treatment can be used to treat lethally radiated organisms?
>> In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells > Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated organisms.
31
What scientist led to the discovery & understanding of stem cells?
Donnall Thomas
32
What development did Donnall Thomas make in regards to stem cells?
Use of bone marrow transplants | Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation
33
Describe the discovery of bone marrow transplants
>> Use of bone marrow transplants > Congenital or acquired disease > First performed -> 1950s -> Treatment -> Acute myeloid leukaemia
34
Describe the development of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
>> Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation > Harvest stem cells -> Peripheral Blood -> Easier -> Less invasive
35
What are the two main types of stem cells used in stem cell therapy?
Adult stem cells | iPS cells
36
Describe how adult stem cells are used in Stem Cell Therapies
- Combination -> Haematopoietic / Progenitor cells -> Gene Editing technologies >> Cure previously intractable diseases eg. HIV
37
Describe the use of adult stem cells to cure HIV
 HIV: Small resistant population of humans -> HIV >> Mutation -> T-cell Receptor (CCR5) -> HIV binding-site for infection  Possible treatment: >> Mutation -> CCR5 gene -> Adult stem cells >> Re-implant mutated cells -> New cells regenerated by stem cells -> Resistant to HIV
38
Describe treatment of leukaemia using adult stem cells
 Leukemia:  Treatment -> Unresponsive illnesses Eg. Child Leukemias -> No response to standard treatments.
39
What types of adult epithelial stem cells have been used in stem cell therapy?
Cornea | Skin
40
Why are epithelial stem cell used in Stem Cell Therapy?
>> Epithelia -> High prolific regeneration rate | Eg. Cornea
41
Describe the reasoning behind use of corneal stem cells to treat illnesses
 Cornea:  Limbus -> (Between iris & white of eye) >> Adult stem cells -> Regenerate cornea throughout lifespan  Injured eye -> Destruction of Stem cells >> Growth of unspecialised skin -> White & untransparant -> Originates -> White of eye >> Due to Removal of stem cells >> Results -> Blindness
42
Outline the process of using corneal stem cells to treat eyesight problems
Treatment: >> Transplant of cornea -> Restore eyesight > Must contain stem cells Otherwise only temporary restoration.
43
Describe Epidermolysis Bullosa & how skin stem cell therapy can be used to treat it
 Skin:  Epidermolysis Bullosa >> Constant falling off of skin.  Mutation -> Proteins of Extracellular Matrix Eg. Laminins >> Adhere epidermis & underlying dermis -> Skin.  Skin Stem-cell Therapy >> Took remaining stem cells > Edit -> Enable ability to produce laminin (Remove mutation) > Mass production / culture > Transplant across body >> Enables regeneration of normal skin cells & partly cure.
44
What illnesses can iPS cells be used to treat
Age related macular degeneration Neurodegenerative Diseases Demylelination Diseases
45
Describe age related macular degeneration of the eye & possible treatment methods
- Age-related macular degeneration: >> Loss of Retinal Epithelial cells of eye --> Nourish Photoreceptors >> Subsequent loss of photoreceptors > Particularly in areas of high acuity -> centre of eye  Possible Treatment: >> Addition of Retinal epithelial cells > In vitro production -> Retinal Epithelial Cells >> Embryonic Stem cells > Insert patch -> Retinal epithelial cells -> Affected area >> Restores vision -> Animal models
46
Describe the two types of matter which comprise of the neural system
 Neural stem cells differentiate - > Neurons (Grey matter) - > Glia (White matter)
47
Name the types of cells neural stem cells can differentiate into
Oligodendrocyte | Astrocyte
48
What is a major function of the oligodendrocytes?
--> Oligodendrocyte >> Lays down myelin -> Central Nervous System Eg. Myelin Sheath -> Movement
49
What is the name of the scientist responsible for development of treatment methods for demyelination diseases?
Steven Goldman
50
Describe the treatment of demyelination diseases
>> Use of Gilial progenitor cell sources > Regenerate many types of cells Eg. hiPSC Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) > Using differentiated human Oligodendrocyte cells --> Transplant -> brains -> neonatal mice >> Extend survival -> Hypomyelinated Shiverer Mice >> Improved intelligence of mice
51
What is the function of the glia
-> Glia (White matter) >> Nourish / support cells -> Nervous System >> Essential -> Brain & Neural function
52
Name some examples of diseases of the glia
``` • Diseases -> Glia > Cerebral Paulsy > Leukodystrophies > Inflammatory demyelination > Autoimmune demyelination. ```
53
What is the glia?
White matter | > derived from neural stem cells?
54
What are most degenerative diseases due to?
• Most degenerative diseases | >> Diseases of cell supporting non-functioning cells

Genes Evo & Dev Y1 (23 decks)

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