GED L21 Notes Flashcards
Name the blood lineages
• Blood lineages:
- Erythrocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Lymphocytes
Describe the characteristics of Erythrocytes
• Erythrocytes: - Transport O2 - Lifespan -> 120 days - Enucleated -> Mammals >> For max. Hb storage within cells. - Nucleated -> All animals except mammals - Approx. 2-3 x1013 RBCs in body - 2 million produced per second.
Why do erythrocytes not have a nucleus in mammals
- Enucleated
-> Mammals
» For max. Hb storage within cells.
What is the function of white blood cells?
Immune response
Describe the innate immune system
- Innate Immune System:
Ancestral immune system
Combats infection -> non-specific manner
No provision of long lasting immunity
What types of cell form part of the innate immune system?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
What are the two main components of the immune system?
Innate immune system
Adaptive immune system
Describe the Neutrophils
>> Neutrophils o Function -> Acute phase -> inflammation o 10-12um o Lifespan -> 10 days
Describe the Eosinophils
>> Eosinophils
o Function
-> Combat infection
>> Allergy & asthma
o 10-12um
o Lifespan -> 10 daysDescribe the Macrophages
>> Macrophages o Function -> Inflammation -> Combat infection -> Phagocytosis -> Stimulate lymphocytes o 20um o Lifespan: >> Activated -> days >> Inactivated -> years
Describe the characteristics of the adaptive immune system
- Adaptive Immune System:
Evolved -> Jawed vertebrates
Combats infection -> Highly specific
Provides long-lasting immunity
What types of cells comprise of the adaptive immune system?
B-cells
Memory B-cells
T-cells
Memory T-cells
Describe B-cells
> > B-cells
o Secrete large quantities -> Antibodies
Describe Memory B-cells
> > Memory B-cells
o Formed -> Activated B-cells
o Lifespan -> Many years
Describe T-cells
> > T-cells
o Destroy
-> Virally infected cells
-> Tumour cells
Describe Memory T-cells
> > Memory T-cells
o Antigen-specific T-cells
o Long term persistence
Describe the development of Blood cells
Derive from multipotent haematopoietic stem cells»_space; Can differentiate into any type of cell
Name the main types of cells
Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )
Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )
What cells comprise the Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )
Common Lymphoid Progenitor: ( Adaptive Immune cells )
» Small lymphocyte
> B-lymphocyte -> Plasma cell
> T-lymphocyte
» Large granular lymphocyte (Killer T-cell)
What cells comprise the Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )
Common Myeloid Progenitor: ( Innate Immune Cells )
» Megakayocyte
> Thrombocytes (Platelets)
» Erythrocytes
» Mast cells
» Myeloblasts
What does the Megakaryocyte produce?
> Thrombocytes (Platelets)
What do monocytes produce?
Macrophages
What types of cells comprise the Myeloblasts?
>> Myeloblasts
> Basophil
> Neutrophil
> Eosinophil
> Monocytes -> MacrophageOutline the location of the Stem cells throughout development
• Stem Cell Prescence: Location of stem cells constantly changes throughout development - Yolk sac - Aorta, gonad & mesonephros - Placenta - Foetal Liver - Bone Marrow (Adult)
What are the effects of radiation on humans?
Aplastic anaemia
Nausea & vomiting
Hair loss
Generally lethal
Describe how aplastic anaemia is caused as a result of radiation
Aplastic anaemia
Decr. RBC count
»_space; Radiation destroys RBCs (Incl. Stem cells)
Describe how nausea & vomiting is caused as a result of radiation
Nausea & vomiting
Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Crypt of Digestive tract
> Differentiation -> Adult Stem Cells
-> Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs)
Describe how hair loss is caused as a result of radiation
Hair loss
Required Prolific Regeneration Rate of cells -> Bulge of Hair follicles
> Differentiation -> Adult Stem cells
Labelling of adult stem cells -> Hair follicle w/ blue dye
» Adult stem cells differentiate
-> Basal skin cells surrounding hair follicle
-> Hair follicle cells
Describe the functional assay of haematapoietic stem cells for prevention & treatment of radiation effects
Functional Assay -> Haematopoietic Stem Cells
» Study of radiation on model organisms
> Mice & Dogs.
» In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells
> Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated
organisms.
What treatment can be used to treat lethally radiated organisms?
> > In Vivo Transplantation -> Bone marrow cells
Enables long-term regeneration of all blood cell lineages in lethally radiated
organisms.
What scientist led to the discovery & understanding of stem cells?
Donnall Thomas
What development did Donnall Thomas make in regards to stem cells?
Use of bone marrow transplants
Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation
Describe the discovery of bone marrow transplants
> > Use of bone marrow transplants
> Congenital or acquired disease
> First performed -> 1950s
-> Treatment -> Acute myeloid leukaemia
Describe the development of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
> > Development of Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation
> Harvest stem cells -> Peripheral Blood
-> Easier
-> Less invasive
What are the two main types of stem cells used in stem cell therapy?
Adult stem cells
iPS cells
Describe how adult stem cells are used in Stem Cell Therapies
- Combination -> Haematopoietic / Progenitor cells
-> Gene Editing technologies
»_space; Cure previously intractable diseases eg. HIV
Describe the use of adult stem cells to cure HIV
HIV:
Small resistant population of humans -> HIV
» Mutation -> T-cell Receptor (CCR5)
-> HIV binding-site for infection
Possible treatment:
»_space; Mutation -> CCR5 gene -> Adult stem cells
»_space; Re-implant mutated cells
-> New cells regenerated by stem cells -> Resistant to HIV
Describe treatment of leukaemia using adult stem cells
Leukemia:
Treatment -> Unresponsive illnesses
Eg. Child Leukemias -> No response to standard treatments.
What types of adult epithelial stem cells have been used in stem cell therapy?
Cornea
Skin
Why are epithelial stem cell used in Stem Cell Therapy?
> > Epithelia -> High prolific regeneration rate
Eg. Cornea
Describe the reasoning behind use of corneal stem cells to treat illnesses
Cornea:
Limbus
-> (Between iris & white of eye)
»_space; Adult stem cells
-> Regenerate cornea throughout lifespan
Injured eye -> Destruction of Stem cells
»_space; Growth of unspecialised skin
-> White & untransparant
-> Originates -> White of eye
»_space; Due to Removal of stem cells
»_space; Results -> Blindness
Outline the process of using corneal stem cells to treat eyesight problems
Treatment:
»_space; Transplant of cornea -> Restore eyesight
> Must contain stem cells
Otherwise only temporary restoration.
Describe Epidermolysis Bullosa & how skin stem cell therapy can be used to treat it
Skin:
Epidermolysis Bullosa
»_space; Constant falling off of skin.
Mutation -> Proteins of Extracellular Matrix
Eg. Laminins
» Adhere epidermis & underlying dermis -> Skin.
Skin Stem-cell Therapy
»_space; Took remaining stem cells
> Edit -> Enable ability to produce laminin (Remove mutation)
> Mass production / culture
> Transplant across body
»_space; Enables regeneration of normal skin cells & partly cure.
What illnesses can iPS cells be used to treat
Age related macular degeneration
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Demylelination Diseases
Describe age related macular degeneration of the eye & possible treatment methods
- Age-related macular degeneration:
» Loss of Retinal Epithelial cells of eye
–> Nourish Photoreceptors
»_space; Subsequent loss of photoreceptors
> Particularly in areas of high acuity -> centre of eye
Possible Treatment:
»_space; Addition of Retinal epithelial cells
> In vitro production -> Retinal Epithelial Cells
»_space; Embryonic Stem cells
> Insert patch -> Retinal epithelial cells -> Affected area
»_space; Restores vision -> Animal models
Describe the two types of matter which comprise of the neural system
Neural stem cells differentiate
- > Neurons (Grey matter)
- > Glia (White matter)
Name the types of cells neural stem cells can differentiate into
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
What is a major function of the oligodendrocytes?
–> Oligodendrocyte
»_space; Lays down myelin -> Central Nervous System
Eg. Myelin Sheath -> Movement
What is the name of the scientist responsible for development of treatment methods for demyelination diseases?
Steven Goldman
Describe the treatment of demyelination diseases
> > Use of Gilial progenitor cell sources
> Regenerate many types of cells
Eg. hiPSC Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs)
Using differentiated human Oligodendrocyte cells
–> Transplant -> brains -> neonatal mice
»_space; Extend survival -> Hypomyelinated Shiverer Mice
»_space; Improved intelligence of mice
What is the function of the glia
-> Glia (White matter)
»_space; Nourish / support cells -> Nervous System
»_space; Essential -> Brain & Neural function
Name some examples of diseases of the glia
• Diseases -> Glia > Cerebral Paulsy > Leukodystrophies > Inflammatory demyelination > Autoimmune demyelination.
What is the glia?
White matter
> derived from neural stem cells?
What are most degenerative diseases due to?
• Most degenerative diseases
|»_space; Diseases of cell supporting non-functioning cells
