GCSE PE - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the pulmonary circuit?
circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart
What is the systemic circuit?
circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart
What is the cardiovascular system made up of?
cardiac muscle (heart), blood vessels and blood
Name the 3 types of blood vessel
artery, ,vein, capillary
Describe the path of blood through the heart
left side - blood is oxygenated at the lungs, goes to through the pulmonary vein to left atrium, through the AV (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle, then out of the heart via the aorta which carries oxygenated blood to the muscles and organs.
right side - deoxygenated blood from muscles and organs travels through the vena cava into the right atrium, through the Av valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle, out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
What divides the heart into 2, separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
septum
Which side of the heart has thicker walls?
the left side
Why does the left side of the heart have thicker walls?
they need to contract with more force to circulate oxygenated blood through the systemic system (around the whole body)
What are the valves called that lie between the atria and ventricles?
Atrio-ventricular valves (AV valves)
- bicuspid - left side
- tricuspid - right side
What are the valves called that control blood going from the ventricles out of the heart?
Semi-lunar valves
Which blood vessel takes blood away from the left side of the heart?
Aorta
Which blood vessel takes blood away from the right side of the heart?
pulmonary artery
Which blood vessel takes blood into the left side of the heart?
pulmonary vein
Which blood vessel takes blood into the right side of the heart?
vena cava
Define the term heart rate
the number of times the heart beats in a minute
What is an average resting heart rate?
72bpm (approximately)
define the term stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
define the term cardiac output
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is bradycardia?
a resting heart rate below 60bpm
How do you calculate maximal heart rate?
220 - age
Name the 3 main types of blood vessel
arteries, veins, capillaries
Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
describe the structure of arteries
a large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue to cushion and smooth the pulsating blood flow.
describe the structure and function of capillaries
the bring blood slowly into close contact with the muscle and organ cells for gaseous exchange.
their walls are composed of a single layer of cells, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
describe the structure and function of veins and venules
they transport deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.
venules leaving the capillary bed reconnect to form veins.
They have a small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict to maintain the slow flow of blood towards the heart
veins have one-way pocket valves which prevent the backflow of blood as it travels against gravity.
What is the vascular shunt mechanism?
the redistribution of blood to muscles during exercise through vasodilation of vessels going towards muscles and vasoconstriction of vessels going to organs such as the digestive system.
Which blood cell creates antibodies to fight infection?
White blood cells
What is the role of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen to the muscles
What is the role of white blood cells?
Create antibodies to fight infection
What is the role of platelets?
Form clots to stop bleeding
What is the role of plasma?
Transport nutrients, hormones and waste products
Define the term heart rate
The number of times your heart beats in a minute
Define the term stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from your heart in one beat
Which term is defined at ‘the amount of blood ejected from your heart in one beat’?
Stroke volume
Are your lungs part of the cardiovascular system?
NO
Define the term ‘cardiac output’
The volume of blood ejected from your heart in one minute
Which term is defined as ‘The volume of blood ejected from your heart in one minute’?
Cardiac output
What happens to your heart rate when you exercise?
It increases / gets quicker
What happens to your resting heart rate after weeks of training?
Your resting heart rate decreases
What term means -your heart gets bigger - as a result of training?
Cardiac hypertrophy
What is vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of blood vessels
What is vasodilation?
The widening of blood vessels
Which term means that blood vessels get wider during exercise to allow more blood to flow through?
Vasodilation
Which term means that blood vessels get narrower to allow less blood to flow through?
Vasoconstriction
Which term describes the construction of blood vessels to organs such as the digestive system and dilation of blood vessels to the muscles during exercise?
Blood shunting / redistribution of blood / vascular shunt
Give another term for blood shunting
Vascular shunt / redistribution of blood
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport oxygen, nutrients and waste products
Fight infections
Control body temperature
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
Which term means ‘the number of times your heart beats in a minute’
Heart rate
Which component of blood creates clots to stop bleeding?
Platelets
Which component of blood transports hormones and nutrients and waste products?
Plasma
Which blood cell contains haemoglobin?
Red blood cells
Name the 4 components of blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma