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GB1 > GB1: Chapter 8 > Flashcards

GB1: Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions; manages materials and energy resources of cell
is an emergent property due to the organized interactions between molecules

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

certain molecule is changed in a series of defined steps, each catalyzed by enzyme, to make product

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3
Q

Enzyme

A

macromolecule that speeds up chemical reaction (lowers activation energy of rxn)

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4
Q

Catabolic pathways (w/ ex)

A

process that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
some bonds are broken/formed, releasing energy, products have lower-energy
- ex: cellular respiration (breaks down glucose and other organic fuels to get water and co2; the energy stored in the organic compounds now can be used)

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5
Q

Anabolic pathways/biosynthetic pathways (w/ ex)

A

process that consumes energy to form complicated molecules from simpler ones
- ex: creation of polypeptide from amino acids

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6
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of how energy flows through living organisms

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7
Q

Energy

A

capacity to cause change/to do work/ability to rearrange collection of matter

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8
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement of objects (energy the object has due to its motion)

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9
Q

Thermal energy

A

total kinetic energy of random movement of atoms/molecules

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10
Q

Heat

A

transfer of thermal energy from one object to another

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11
Q

Potential energy

A

energy that matter has due to its location or structure
(think of a dam; water has high potential energy because of its altitude above sea level)

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12
Q

Chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in chemical reaction

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13
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformation occurring in collection of matter

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14
Q

kinetic energy to potential energy example divers

A

kinetic energy of muscle movement is being transformed into potential energy as diver gets higher in altitude by climbing ladder

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15
Q

system, surroundings, isolated system, open system

A
  • system: matter under study
  • surroundings: everything outside system
  • isolated system: system cannot exchange matter/energy with surroundings
    -open system: system can exchange matter/energy with surroundings
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16
Q

organisms are what kind of system?

A

open system: they absorb energy (light energy or chemical energy via organic molecules) and then release heat and metabolic waste products (like co2) to surroundings

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17
Q

1st law of thermodynamics/principle of conservation of energy

A

energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
(ex: plant acts as energy transformer bc it absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy)

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18
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

sum of entropies of system and surroundings (the universe) must always increase

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19
Q

entropy

A

measure of molecular disorder/randomness
(more randomly arranged a collection of matter is = greater entropy)

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20
Q

entropy in universe

A

increasing amounts of heat, less ordered forms of matter

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21
Q

Spontaneous/energetically favorable process

A

process that leads to increase in entropy, doesn’t take an input of energy, is ENERGETICALLY FAVORABLE
some are instantaneous and some aren’t

22
Q

nonspontaneous/nonenergetically favorable process

A

process that leads to decrease in entropy, requires an INPUT of energy
however, some of that input of energy is lost as heat which also increases entropy into surroundings in universe as a whole

23
Q

Increase in organization…

A

does not go against 2nd law of thermodynamics of continual increase in entroy

24
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

portion of system’s energy that can do work when temperature/pressure are uniform throughout system

deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS

deltaH = enthalpy (total energy)
deltaS = entropy (measure of how energy is distributed in a system)
T = temp. in K

delta G = Gfinal - Ginitial

25
Q

energetically favorable/spontaneous reactions for gibbs

A

delta G is negative (deltaH is negative or deltaS is positive, or both)
every spontaneous process decreases the system’s free energy

26
Q

+ deltaG or 0 delta G =

A

+ deltaG = nonspontaneous (not energetically favorable)
0 deltaG = never spontaneous

27
Q

system + surroundings

A

= universe

28
Q

entropy + analogy

A

there is always tendency for higher entropy
bedroom over time gets messy, doesn’t suddenly become neat

29
Q

exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with net release of free energy
since system lost energy, deltaG is - and rxn is spontaneous/energetically favorable

30
Q

In larger scale, energy flows into ecosystems in… and exits in…

A

the form of light; the form of heat

31
Q

3 main things cell does

A

chemical work
transport work
mechanical work

32
Q

chemical work

A

pushing endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

33
Q

transport work

A

pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous movement

34
Q

mechanical work

A

beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes during cell division

35
Q

energy coupling

A

use of exergonic process to drive endergonic one (overall process would be exergonic)

36
Q

ATP adenosine triphosphate

A

sugar ribose
nitrogenous base adenine
3 phosphate group chain

37
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

hydrolysis of ATP with water yields energy, ADP, phosphate group

release of energy is from chemical change of high free energy ATP to lower free energy of ADP

38
Q

energy is not found in the bonds themselves

A

the high energy found in especially phosphate groups is due to its higher energy relative to the products (ADP & phosphate group)’s lower energy

39
Q

Phosphorylation

A

transfer of phosphate group to molecule from ATP

40
Q

phosphorylated intermediate

A

molecule that got phosphorylated (has a phosphate group that was covalently bonded from ATP); has more free energy and less stable
this is how exergonic and endergonic rxns are coupled!

41
Q

Glutamic acid conversion to glutamine

A
  • is endergonic rxn so needs input of energy (+ deltaG)
  • Glutamic acid is phosphorylated by ATP, making it less stable with more free energy
  • now ammonia is able to bind to glutamic acid by displacing phosphate group, and ADP and phosphate group come out of reaction. now we have glutamine!
  • although deltaG was +, overall is -deltaG because of ATP hydrolysis (which has -deltaG). so with the help of ATP hydrolysis, the overall rxn is spontaneous
42
Q

ATP cycle

A

energy released by catabolic rxns is used to fuel energy needed to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP. then when ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases energy needed for anabolic reactions

43
Q

Activation energy

A

amount of energy needed to convert reactants to products, is supplied in the form of heat through thermal energy that reactants absorb from surroundings. This heat causes more collisions among substrates and enzymes, which increases the rate of the reaction

44
Q

catalysis

A

process where catalyst selectively speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed (alternative to heat since there’s a limit to temperature for living organisms)

44
Q

transition state

A

when molecules have absorbed enough free energy, unstable and ready to break bonds

45
Q

can enzyme change nature of reaction?

A

NO. enzymes cannot make endergonic rxns exergonic, cannot change deltaG

46
Q

induced fit

A

tightening of binding after initial contact; enzyme shape changes slightly because of interactions between enzyme’s active site amino acids and substrate’s.

47
Q

mechanisms that enzymes use to speed up reactions

A
  • proper orientation to make sure active site correctly binds to substrate in a way so that the right parts can interact and make a product
  • puts stress and bends on covalent bond of substrate to break bonds
  • provides different microenvironment suitable for specific rxn
  • temporarily covalently bond, usually with amino acids
48
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein helpers for catalytic activities; usually for chemical processes like e- transfers
-binds tightly to enzyme as or loosely to substrates

-inorganic: metals
-organic: vitamins - COENZYMES

49
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

GB1 (11 decks)

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