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GB1 > GB1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

GB1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on earth, all places where life exists

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2
Q

Levels of Biological Organization

A

Biosphere
Ecosystem
Communities
Population
Organism
Organs
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Molecules

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

all living things in a certain area, including nonliving things that interact with life (ex: soil)

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4
Q

Communities

A

the variety of organisms living in a particular ecosystem, population of different organisms in certain ecosystem

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5
Q

Populations

A

Group of individuals of same species interacting (interbreeding) in same specified area

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6
Q

Organisms

A

Individual living things

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7
Q

Organs

A

body part that is made up of multiple tissues with specific functions in body

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8
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells collaborating to perform specialized function

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9
Q

Cells

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

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10
Q

organelles

A

various functional parts in cells (ex: chloroplast)

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11
Q

molecules

A

chemical structure of 2 or more atoms of same/different elements covalently bonded to each other

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12
Q

emergent properties

A

results from the arrangement/interaction of parts within system

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13
Q

systems biology

A

understanding biological system by analyzing interaction among its parts

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14
Q

properties of life (11)

A
  • life is ordered, fighting against disorder
  • contains information
  • evolves
  • maintains homeostasis
  • requires energy
  • growth and development
  • dynamic relationship with environment
  • reproduction
  • emergent properties
  • follows structure determines function
  • composed of integrated wholes
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15
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

Plants and animals
has membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA is enclosed in nucleus

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16
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea
DOES NOT have membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA is in nucleoid (region in cell), NO nucleus

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17
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA that has instructions for making a specific protein, which in turn determines a particular trait in organism, passed from parent to offspring

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18
Q

gene expression

A

information in gene directs the production of something

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19
Q

genome

A

library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

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20
Q

energy (2 ways)

A

energy flows through ecosystem, enters as light and exits as heat

energy is cycled within ecosystem

21
Q

evolution

A

origin of biodiversity (does NOT explain how life began, not a worldview)

a process where species biologically alter from ancestors through adapting to environment over time

3 main components:
-descent with modification
-change in allele frequency in a population of organism over time
-creation/emergence of new species

22
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea: single celled prokaryotes
eukarya: multicell eukaryotes

23
Q

4 kingdoms in domain eukarya

A

plantae, fungi, animalia, protists

distinguished by method of obtaining food

24
Q

natural selection

A

natural environment “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among a variety of other traits in population

25
Q

inductive reasoning

A

derive generalizations through specific observations, repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations

26
Q

deductive reasoning

A

general premises to specific conclusions

27
Q

abductive reasoning

A

based on observations to infer to best explanation

28
Q

controlled experiment

A

compares experimental group with control group

29
Q

independent variable

A

factor manipulated by researchers, not affected by any variable

30
Q

dependent variable

A

factor measured by researchers affected by independent variable

31
Q

controlled group

A

group that doesn’t get variable tested, used as standard for comparison with experimental group

32
Q

experimental group

A

group that gets variable tested, compares with controlled group

33
Q

Scientific method (7 steps)

A
  • observation leads to problems
  • leads to hypothesis
  • leads to experiment (and data)
  • leads to analysis
  • leads to interpretations
  • leads to sharing
34
Q

reductionism

A

builds to complexity; reduces complex systems to simpler components easier to study

35
Q

Theory

A

hypothesis is tested repeatedly and is supported by a lot of evidence, but still general and broad, can lead to other hypotheses

36
Q

worldview

A

set of assumptions that we use to make sense of reality; systems of beliefs from which evidence is interpreted and decisions are made

37
Q

ordering biology by relationships/similarities (8)

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

38
Q

phylum

A

major group of organisms that share fundamental characteristics

39
Q

class

A

organisms within a class have more similar shared characteristics than those in another class in same phylum

40
Q

order

A

group of closely related families sharing similar characteristics

ex: order Carnivora includes families like Felidae (cats) and Canidae (dogs)

41
Q

family

A

organisms from same family would have evolved from same ancestor and share common characteristics

42
Q

genus

A

species that have been grouped together based on phylogenetic relatedness or specific characteristics

43
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed with each other and have fertile offspring

44
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins expressed by cell

45
Q

producers

A

autotrophs, able to make their own food (plants, through energy from sun, can make glucose)

46
Q

consumers

A

organism that feeds on other organisms/their remains

47
Q

feedback regulation
negative/positive feedback

A

output or product of process regulates that same process

negative: response reduces the initial stimuli
positive: end product speeds up its own productionf

48
Q

naturalism

A

belief that everything can be explained through laws of matter, energy, physics–natural laws–no supernatural force

GB1 (11 decks)

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