GB1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biosphere
All life on earth, all places where life exists
Levels of Biological Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Communities
Population
Organism
Organs
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Ecosystem
all living things in a certain area, including nonliving things that interact with life (ex: soil)
Communities
the variety of organisms living in a particular ecosystem, population of different organisms in certain ecosystem
Populations
Group of individuals of same species interacting (interbreeding) in same specified area
Organisms
Individual living things
Organs
body part that is made up of multiple tissues with specific functions in body
Tissue
group of cells collaborating to perform specialized function
Cells
life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
organelles
various functional parts in cells (ex: chloroplast)
molecules
chemical structure of 2 or more atoms of same/different elements covalently bonded to each other
emergent properties
results from the arrangement/interaction of parts within system
systems biology
understanding biological system by analyzing interaction among its parts
properties of life (11)
- life is ordered, fighting against disorder
- contains information
- evolves
- maintains homeostasis
- requires energy
- growth and development
- dynamic relationship with environment
- reproduction
- emergent properties
- follows structure determines function
- composed of integrated wholes
eukaryotic cells
Plants and animals
has membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA is enclosed in nucleus
prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
DOES NOT have membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA is in nucleoid (region in cell), NO nucleus
gene
basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA that has instructions for making a specific protein, which in turn determines a particular trait in organism, passed from parent to offspring
gene expression
information in gene directs the production of something
genome
library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
energy (2 ways)
energy flows through ecosystem, enters as light and exits as heat
energy is cycled within ecosystem
evolution
origin of biodiversity (does NOT explain how life began, not a worldview)
a process where species biologically alter from ancestors through adapting to environment over time
3 main components:
-descent with modification
-change in allele frequency in a population of organism over time
-creation/emergence of new species
3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea: single celled prokaryotes
eukarya: multicell eukaryotes
4 kingdoms in domain eukarya
plantae, fungi, animalia, protists
distinguished by method of obtaining food
natural selection
natural environment “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among a variety of other traits in population
inductive reasoning
derive generalizations through specific observations, repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations
deductive reasoning
general premises to specific conclusions
abductive reasoning
based on observations to infer to best explanation
controlled experiment
compares experimental group with control group
independent variable
factor manipulated by researchers, not affected by any variable
dependent variable
factor measured by researchers affected by independent variable
controlled group
group that doesn’t get variable tested, used as standard for comparison with experimental group
experimental group
group that gets variable tested, compares with controlled group
Scientific method (7 steps)
- observation leads to problems
- leads to hypothesis
- leads to experiment (and data)
- leads to analysis
- leads to interpretations
- leads to sharing
reductionism
builds to complexity; reduces complex systems to simpler components easier to study
Theory
hypothesis is tested repeatedly and is supported by a lot of evidence, but still general and broad, can lead to other hypotheses
worldview
set of assumptions that we use to make sense of reality; systems of beliefs from which evidence is interpreted and decisions are made
ordering biology by relationships/similarities (8)
-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species
phylum
major group of organisms that share fundamental characteristics
class
organisms within a class have more similar shared characteristics than those in another class in same phylum
order
group of closely related families sharing similar characteristics
ex: order Carnivora includes families like Felidae (cats) and Canidae (dogs)
family
organisms from same family would have evolved from same ancestor and share common characteristics
genus
species that have been grouped together based on phylogenetic relatedness or specific characteristics
species
group of organisms that can interbreed with each other and have fertile offspring
proteome
entire set of proteins expressed by cell
producers
autotrophs, able to make their own food (plants, through energy from sun, can make glucose)
consumers
organism that feeds on other organisms/their remains
feedback regulation
negative/positive feedback
output or product of process regulates that same process
negative: response reduces the initial stimuli
positive: end product speeds up its own productionf
naturalism
belief that everything can be explained through laws of matter, energy, physics–natural laws–no supernatural force
