GB1: Chapter 4

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

study of compounds containing carbon (organic compounds)

Question 2

Atom’s valence

Answer 2

number of covalent bonds atom can form

Question 3

hydrocarbons

Answer 3

organic molecules consisting only carbon and hydrogen
atoms of hydrogen are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons can covalently bond

Question 4

isomers and types

Answer 4

compounds that have same numbers of atoms of same elements but different structures and thus different properties

structural isomers
cis-trans
enantiomers

Question 5

structural isomers

Answer 5

same molecular formula, but covalent arrangement of carbon skeletons are different between isomers
may also differ in location of double bonds
the more carbons, the more possible isomers

Question 6

cis-trans isomers

Answer 6

carbons are covalently bonded to same atoms but those atoms have different spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of double bonds (cannot rotate around bond axis without changing compound)

cis: atoms on same side of double bond
trans: atoms on opposite sides of double bond

this subtle difference can have huge effect on biological activities of organic molecules

Question 7

enantiomers

Answer 7

isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape because of asymmetric carbon (carbon covalently bonded to 4 different atoms)
left-and-right-handed versions of molecule

Question 8

functional groups + list

Answer 8

chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions; each has certain properties that dictates the way they behave in chemical reaction, is associated with carbons

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl groups

Question 9

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 9

organic phosphate
adenosine (organic molecule) attached to three phosphate groups
stores the potential to react with water/other molecules

Question 10

Carbon chains vary in 4 ways

Answer 10

length
double bond position
branching
presence of rings

Question 11

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on

Answer 11

the carbon skeleton and chemical groups attached to it