GB1: Chapter 5A

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Polysaccharides, sugar monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 2

Monosaccharides (w/ 3 categories)

Answer 2

1 sugar monomer

trioses: 3-C, glyceraldehyde

pentose: 5-C, ribose (DNA & RNA), ribulose

hexose: 6-C, glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 3

Disaccharides (w/ 3 categories)

Answer 3

3 sugar monomers

Maltose: 2 glucose
Lactose: 1 glucose + 1 galactose
Sucrose: 1 glucose + 1 fructose

Question 4

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 4

2 monosaccharides covalently bond through dehydration synthesis

[OH of one molecule covalently bonds to H+ of another molecule]

Question 5

starch

Answer 5

polymer of glucose with alpha glucose linkages, stores sugar monomers in plants

Question 6

glycogen

Answer 6

polymer of glucose with alpha glucose linkages, stores sugar monomers in animals (in liver or muscle cells)

very branched structure, allowing for more monomers to be detached and used

Question 7

cellulose

Answer 7

polymer of glucose with beta glucose linkages, provides structure for plant cell walls. strong building material due to unbranched chains, thus forming hydrogen bonds with other monomers parallel, creating microfibrils

has insoluble fiber because humans and other organisms lack the enzyme to break the beta linkages due to beta glucose monomer’s different structure

Question 8

Chitin

Answer 8

polymer of glucose with beta glucose linkages, helps build exoskeletons of anthropods and gives it structure

Question 9

Lipids (w/ main types)

Answer 9

organic biomolecules insoluble in water, not true polymers because they don’t have true monomer units

fats
phospholipids
steroids

Question 10

Fat/triglyceride

Answer 10

1 glycerol molecule covalently bonded to 3 fatty acids through ester linkage (through dehydration synthesis)

there are NO covalent bonds among triglyceride molecules

Question 11

fatty acid

Answer 11

long hydrocarbon skeleton with carboxyl group at the end

Question 11

glycerol

Answer 11

3-C alcohol molecule

Question 12

cis & trans-fats

Answer 12

Double bonds cannot rotate, whereas single bonds can. If you break the double bonds of cis fats through heat, the bonds are able to reform, and because the molecules are trying to repel each other, the fat molecules will favor the trans shape, making unsaturated fat act like a saturated fat. now able to densely pack, solid

Question 12

Unsaturated fat

Answer 12

has cis-double bonds, causing kinks in the fatty acid, usually liquid at room temp. because the kinks don’t allow the molecules to pack tightly together, less dense

cis or trans unsaturated fats

monounsaturated: 1 double bond
polyunsaturated: 2 or more double bonds

Question 12

Saturated fat

Answer 12

saturated with hydrogens, no double bonds among carbons in skeleton, saturated fats are usually solid at room temp., molecules are packed closely together, more dense

is one of causes of cardiovascular disease

Question 13

Phospholipids

Answer 13

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids through ester linkages
amphipathic molecule: hydrophilic head
(- charged) and hydrophobic tail (nonpolar)

does NOT form covalent bonds with other phospholipids

separates contents of cell with the external environment; very important for cells to thrive

Question 14

steroids (w/ example)

Answer 14

carbon skeletons with 4 fused rings, hormones that are vital for cell communication

ex: cholesterol