Gastrointestinal Tract I

Question 1

Identify the 9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 1

Question 2

Name the superior and inferior borders of the abdomen.

Answer 2

superior: diaphragm
inferior: pelvis

Question 3

What are the 3 openings in the diphragm from anterior to posterior? At what vertebal level do they exist and what passes through them?

Answer 3

1. caval hiatus (T8)
   
   1. inferior vena cava
2. Esophageal hiatus (T10)
   
   1. esophagus
3. Aortic hiatus (T12)
   
   1. aorta

Question 4

With respect to the primitive gut tube, what is the arterial supply for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

Answer 4

foregut: celiac trunk
midgut: superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery

Question 5

What is the name of the muscular tube between the pharynx and stomach?

What is it called once it enters the abdomen? What quadrant is it located in and which aspect of the gut is it part of?

Answer 5

esophagus

abdominal esophagus

left upper quadrant

foregut

Question 6

Identify the indicated features of the provided image.

How does the muscle change in the esophagus from superior to inferior?

Answer 6

skeletal to smooth muscle (superior to inferior)

Question 7

Identify the arterial branches that supply the abdominal esophagus

Answer 7

Question 8

What can happen when lower esophageal sphincter is weakened?

Answer 8

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

stomach contents are refluxing because the sphincter is not closing all the way

It can also cause hiatal hernia, wher epart of the stomach herniates throught he esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the throacic cavity

Question 9

In what quadrant is the stomach located? Which part of the gut is it a part of?

Answer 9

left upper quadrant

part of the foregut

Question 10

Identify the indicated parts of the stomach

Answer 10

Question 11

Identify the indicated features of the stomach

Answer 11

Question 12

Identify the arterial branches that supply the stomach

Answer 12

CT: celiac trunk

PHA: proper hepatic artery

CHA: common hepatic artery

GDA: gastroduodonal artery

Question 13

What is the name of the condition characterized by a thickening of the smooth muscle in the pylorus, closing off the opening to the duodenum?

If a newborn had this symptom what symptom would you expect?

Answer 13

pyloric stenosis

projectile vomiting

Question 14

Where does the small intestine start and end?

How does it shap change distally?

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

Answer 14

• Start
  
  • pyloric sphincter
• End
  
  • ileocecal junction
• narrows distally

1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

Question 15

Which quadrants is the duodenum located within?

It is a member of which part of the gut?

There are how many parts to the duodenum?

Answer 15

Right upper quadrant & left upper quadrant

part of foregut & midgut

4 parts

Question 16

What causes peptic ulcers?

Erosion of which artery may bause fatal hemorrhage?

Erosion of which artery may cause burning and cramping epigastric pain?

which type is the most common?

Answer 16

erosion of visceral lining of eitehr stomach (gastric ulcer) or first part of duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

commonly cuased by Helicobacter pylori

splenic artery

gastroduodenal artery

duodenal ulcers are 3x more common

Question 17

What duodenal features is a landmark denoting the change from foregut to midgut?

The change from foregut to midgut indicates what important difference?

Answer 17

immediatley inferior to the major duodenal papilla

arterial supply changet from celiac trunk to superior mesenteric artery

Question 18

Which structure creates the fold in the duodenum demarking the change to jujunum? Where do its fibers come from?

What is the name of the area this occurs?

Answer 18

suspensory ligament – fibers from lower esophageal sphincter

duodenojejunal flexure

Question 19

Identify the arterial branches that supply the beginnign of the duodenum

Answer 19

Question 20

Identify the arterial branches supplying the ending of the duodenum

Answer 20

Question 21

Identify the arterial branches supplying the duodenum

Answer 21

Question 22

Where does the ilium & jejunum start? Where does it end? (in terms of quadrants and landmarks)

The jejunum and the ileum is what part of the gut?

How can you determine the change from jejunum to ileum?

Answer 22

starts in left upper quadrant adn ends in right lower quadrant; duodenojejunal flexture to the ileocecal junction

midgut

there is no specific point of change, it is gradual; the ileum is slightly longer

Question 23

Fill in the blanks of the provided table

Answer 23

Question 24

What is the difference between vasa recta and arterial arcades?

Which are more commin the the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 24

vasa recta: long straight arterial branches (longer in jejunum)

arterial arcades: network of anastamosing (more in the ileum)

Question 25

Peyer's patches are composed of what type of tissue?

Answer 25

lymph tissue

Question 26

Identify the arterial branches that supply the small intestine

Answer 26

SMA: superior mesenteric artery ICA: ileocecal artery

Question 27

What is the name for a stangulated obstruction of the small intestine? What is the treatment?

Answer 27

small bowel obstructions, which are surgical emergencies that may bause death if untreated (arterial occlusion leads to bowel ischemia and necrosis

Question 28

Where does the large intestine start and end? Identify the segments of the large intestine

Answer 28

ileocecal junction to the colon

Question 29

The cecum is in what abdominal quadrant? what part of the gut? How would you describe the cecum? It connects to which 2 structures?

Answer 29

Right lower quadrant-- midgut blind pouch inferior to ileocecal opening connects to ileum, ascending colon & appendix

Question 30

Describe the arterial supply to the cecum.

Answer 30

cecal arterie that branch from the ileocecal artery which brances from the superior mesenteric artery

Question 31

In which abdominal quadrant can you find the appendix? What section of the cut is it considered to be? What is the shape of the appendix? What structure is is open to?

Answer 31

right lower quadrand, midgut narrow, hollow, muscular tube with lymphoid tissue in its wall opens to cecum

Question 32

How woudl you feel for an inflamed apendix?

Answer 32

draw a line between the unbilicus adn the ASIS, halfway between that is McBurney's Point and which is where the appendix opens to the cecum

Question 33

Which arter supplies the appendix? Which areter is this a branch of?

Answer 33

appendicular artery supplies the appendix this is a branch of the ileocecal artery

Question 34

What is appendicitis and why is it often surgically removed? What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

Answer 34

inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction by fecalith or enlargment of lymphoid nodules it can lead to perforation (peritonitis) Symptoms: localized tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting

Question 35

Identify the features of the large intestine Where is the differentiation from midgut to hindgut?

Answer 35

in the transverse colon

Question 36

Whatis the name of the bands of muscles around the colon? How many bands are there? What is the name of the punches formed from these muscles? What is the name of the globules of fat that attach to the outside of the colon?

Answer 36

muscle: (3) taeniae coli pouches: haustra fat: epiploic appendices