Gastrointestinal Tract I Flashcards
Identify the 9 regions of the abdomen
Name the superior and inferior borders of the abdomen.
superior: diaphragm
inferior: pelvis
What are the 3 openings in the diphragm from anterior to posterior? At what vertebal level do they exist and what passes through them?
- caval hiatus (T8)
- inferior vena cava
- Esophageal hiatus (T10)
- esophagus
- Aortic hiatus (T12)
- aorta
With respect to the primitive gut tube, what is the arterial supply for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?
foregut: celiac trunk
midgut: superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery
What is the name of the muscular tube between the pharynx and stomach?
What is it called once it enters the abdomen? What quadrant is it located in and which aspect of the gut is it part of?
esophagus
abdominal esophagus
left upper quadrant
foregut
Identify the indicated features of the provided image.
How does the muscle change in the esophagus from superior to inferior?
skeletal to smooth muscle (superior to inferior)
Identify the arterial branches that supply the abdominal esophagus
What can happen when lower esophageal sphincter is weakened?
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
stomach contents are refluxing because the sphincter is not closing all the way
It can also cause hiatal hernia, wher epart of the stomach herniates throught he esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the throacic cavity
In what quadrant is the stomach located? Which part of the gut is it a part of?
left upper quadrant
part of the foregut
Identify the indicated parts of the stomach
Identify the indicated features of the stomach
Identify the arterial branches that supply the stomach
CT: celiac trunk
PHA: proper hepatic artery
CHA: common hepatic artery
GDA: gastroduodonal artery
What is the name of the condition characterized by a thickening of the smooth muscle in the pylorus, closing off the opening to the duodenum?
If a newborn had this symptom what symptom would you expect?
pyloric stenosis
projectile vomiting
Where does the small intestine start and end?
How does it shap change distally?
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
- Start
- pyloric sphincter
- End
- ileocecal junction
- narrows distally
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Which quadrants is the duodenum located within?
It is a member of which part of the gut?
There are how many parts to the duodenum?
Right upper quadrant & left upper quadrant
part of foregut & midgut
4 parts
What causes peptic ulcers?
Erosion of which artery may bause fatal hemorrhage?
Erosion of which artery may cause burning and cramping epigastric pain?
which type is the most common?
erosion of visceral lining of eitehr stomach (gastric ulcer) or first part of duodenum (duodenal ulcer)
commonly cuased by Helicobacter pylori
splenic artery
gastroduodenal artery
duodenal ulcers are 3x more common
What duodenal features is a landmark denoting the change from foregut to midgut?
The change from foregut to midgut indicates what important difference?
immediatley inferior to the major duodenal papilla
arterial supply changet from celiac trunk to superior mesenteric artery
Which structure creates the fold in the duodenum demarking the change to jujunum? Where do its fibers come from?
What is the name of the area this occurs?
suspensory ligament – fibers from lower esophageal sphincter
duodenojejunal flexure
Identify the arterial branches that supply the beginnign of the duodenum
Identify the arterial branches supplying the ending of the duodenum
Identify the arterial branches supplying the duodenum
Where does the ilium & jejunum start? Where does it end? (in terms of quadrants and landmarks)
The jejunum and the ileum is what part of the gut?
How can you determine the change from jejunum to ileum?
starts in left upper quadrant adn ends in right lower quadrant; duodenojejunal flexture to the ileocecal junction
midgut
there is no specific point of change, it is gradual; the ileum is slightly longer
Fill in the blanks of the provided table
What is the difference between vasa recta and arterial arcades?
Which are more commin the the jejunum and ileum?
vasa recta: long straight arterial branches (longer in jejunum)
arterial arcades: network of anastamosing (more in the ileum)
Peyer’s patches are composed of what type of tissue?
lymph tissue
Identify the arterial branches that supply the small intestine
SMA: superior mesenteric artery
ICA: ileocecal artery
What is the name for a stangulated obstruction of the small intestine? What is the treatment?
small bowel obstructions, which are surgical emergencies that may bause death if untreated (arterial occlusion leads to bowel ischemia and necrosis
Where does the large intestine start and end?
Identify the segments of the large intestine
ileocecal junction to the colon
The cecum is in what abdominal quadrant? what part of the gut?
How would you describe the cecum?
It connects to which 2 structures?
Right lower quadrant– midgut
blind pouch inferior to ileocecal opening
connects to ileum, ascending colon & appendix
Describe the arterial supply to the cecum.
cecal arterie that branch from the ileocecal artery which brances from the superior mesenteric artery
In which abdominal quadrant can you find the appendix? What section of the cut is it considered to be?
What is the shape of the appendix?
What structure is is open to?
right lower quadrand, midgut
narrow, hollow, muscular tube with lymphoid tissue in its wall
opens to cecum
How woudl you feel for an inflamed apendix?
draw a line between the unbilicus adn the ASIS, halfway between that is McBurney’s Point and which is where the appendix opens to the cecum
Which arter supplies the appendix? Which areter is this a branch of?
appendicular artery supplies the appendix
this is a branch of the ileocecal artery
What is appendicitis and why is it often surgically removed?
What are the symptoms of appendicitis?
inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction by fecalith or enlargment of lymphoid nodules
it can lead to perforation (peritonitis)
Symptoms: localized tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting
Identify the features of the large intestine
Where is the differentiation from midgut to hindgut?
in the transverse colon
Whatis the name of the bands of muscles around the colon? How many bands are there?
What is the name of the punches formed from these muscles?
What is the name of the globules of fat that attach to the outside of the colon?
muscle: (3) taeniae coli
pouches: haustra
fat: epiploic appendices
