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S2B1: Anatomy > Accessory Organs II > Flashcards

Accessory Organs II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the targets of the pancreas exocrine and endocrine functions?

A
  • exocrine
    • digestive
  • endocrine
    • insulin and glucagon
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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

Is it intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A
  • posterior abdominal wall
    • right side of L1-L3
    • midline
    • hilum of spleen to the left
  • secondarily retroperitoneal
    • tail is within the rhinoligament
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3
Q

Identify the parts of the pancreas and then the associated spatial relationships with those parts

A
  • head
    • close to C shape of duodenum
  • Uncinite process (inferior projection)
    • posterior to superior mesenteric vessels
  • neck
    • anterior ot the superior mesenteric vessels
  • body
    • at L2, posterior to stomach
  • tail
    • in contact with spleen and left kidney
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4
Q

Left/Right relationship with the pancreas?

A
  • right
    • duodenum
  • left
    • spleen
  • anterior
    • stomach
  • anterior inferior
    • transverse mesocolon
    • loops of bowel
  • posterior
    • kidney
    • aorta
    • inferior vena cava
    • rental artery and vein
    • portal vein
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5
Q

Describe the route of the main pancreatic duct?

What other duct merges with the main pancreatic duct? Why is this clinically relevant?

A

starts on tail side, takes oblique trajectory towrd the duodenum

it will be in the middle of the gland & deep

merges with the bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater), which is a dilation of the lumen that can be a commonl location for impacted gallstones

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6
Q

How is flow through the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct controlled?

A

Sphincter of the bile duct (choledochus)

Sphincter of pancreatic duct

Hepatopancreaticsphincter (of Oddi) – most important

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7
Q

Identify the arterial branches found on the posterior pancreas

A
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8
Q

Name the arterial branches that supply the pancreas and where they arise from

A
  • Superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (anterior & posterior)
    • arise from gastroduodenal — (celiac)
  • Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (anterior & posterior)
    • arise from superior mesenteric artery
  • dorsal pancreatic artery
    • arise from splenic– (celiac)
  • great pancreatic artery (Magna)
    • arise from splenic — (celiac)
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9
Q

Where are the 3 destinations for pancreatic veins to drain?

A
  • splenic vein
  • superior meseneteric vein
  • portal vein
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10
Q

What are the 2 lymph nodes that pancreatic lymphatic vessels drain into?

What is the defining border?

A
  • superior to attahment to transverse meso colon
    • celiac nodes
  • inferior to attachment to transverse mesocolo
    • superior mesenteric nodes
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11
Q

What can occur if pancreatic cancer occurs in the head?

What can occur if pancreatic cancer occurs in the neck?

Why is pancreatic cancer often diagnosed late?

A

head: it may obstruct bile, which can result in jaundice
neck: portal vein can be impacted

it is located so deep, because the symptoms may be confused with other stomach/intestine pain

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12
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

Is it intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Unique features?

A
  • functions
    • largest lymphoid organ
    • white pulp (immune responses)
    • red pulp (phagocytosis)
  • intraperitoneal
  • unique features
    • capable of marked expansion adn contraction
    • normally not palpable
    • fragile
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13
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

left hypochondrium

ribs 9-11

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14
Q

What structures are found directly surrounding the spleen?

A
  • anterior
    • stomach
    • gastrosplenic ligament
    • diaphragm
    • left kidney
    • left colic flexure
    • tail of pancreas
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15
Q

Identify the parts and surfaces of the spleen

A
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16
Q

What vessels are found within the spenorenal ligament?

What vessels are found within the gastrosplenic ligament?

What is the name of the ligament that anchose to spleen to the diaphragm?

A
  • spenorenal ligament (spleen to left kidney)
    • splenic artery and vein
  • gastrosplenic (speen to stomach)
    • the short gastric vessels adn left gastro-omental vessels
  • speen to diaphragm
    • phrenicosplenic ligament
17
Q

Identify the arteial branches that supply the spleen

A
  • splenic artery (largest branch of celiac trunk)
    • left gastro-omental (epiploic)
    • short gastric
    • splenic
    • pancreatic
18
Q

What is the spatial relationship between the splenic artery and the splenic vein?

The splenic vein then merges wich what other vein to form which structure?

A
  • realtionship
    • splenic vein is inferior to the splenic artery
    • posterior to the tail of the pancreas
    • not tortuous
  • merges with superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein
    • this happens posterior to the neck of the pancreas
19
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the spleen comes from which nerve roots?

Lymphatic drainage?

A

T6-T8 for sympathetics

lymph nodes, pancreaticosplenic nodes– ultimately drain into celiac nodes

20
Q

What is it called when the spleen is enlarged?

What is Kehr’s sign? What does it indicate?

A

splenomegaly

when a person is lying down and their legs are elevated– referred pain to the left shoulder; this is a symptom of a ruptured spleen

21
Q

Where are kidneys located?

Are they intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

T12-L3 (right is slightly lower) in the paravertebral gutters

retroperitoneal

22
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

What is the name of the inferior and superior portion of the kidneys?

A

A busy area where there are a lot of vessels entering and exiting the kidney– no hard boundaries

superior pole and inferior pole

23
Q

What is the spatial arrangement of the vessels within the hilum from anterior to posterior?

A

Anterior to posterior: renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis

24
Q

What is the name of the fat that forms around the kidneys and entes the hilum to fill the sinus?

What is the peelable structue around the kidney?

A

perirenal fat

renal capsule

25
Q

Identify the features of the kidney

A
26
Q

Describe the progression from renal papilla to ureter

A
  • Renal papilla
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
27
Q

What type of gland is the suprarenal (adrenal) gland?

What is the difference in secretion produduct from the cortext compared to the medulla?

Are they intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

endocrine gland

cortex: glucocorticoid steroids
medulla: epinephrine/neuro

retroperitoneal

28
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

What is the spatial relationship between the adrenal glands and the kidneys/diaphragm?

How are the shapes of the two glands different?

A

T11-L1

base toward kidney, tip toward diaphragm

superomedial aspect of the kidney and diaphragm

right: pyramidal; left: flat/semilunar

29
Q

Do the adrenal glands directly connect to the kidneys?

A

no, there is a septum (renal fascia) separating them, which is important in kidney transplant surgeries

30
Q

What are the 3 arteries that supply the adrenal glands? From which arteries do they arise?

A
  • superior suprarenal artery
    • from inferior phrenic artery
  • middle suprarenal artery
    • abdominal aorta
  • inferior suprarenal arterly
    • from renal artery
31
Q

Describe the difference in venous drainage from the left and right adrenal glands.

Where do the adrenal lympatics drain?

A
  • left
    • suprarenal vein drains into left renal vein
  • right
    • suprarenal vein drains into the IVC
  • lymphatics
    • lumbar lymph nodes
32
Q

Why is there no parasympathetic innervation to the adrenal glands/

A

the chromuffin cells themselves act as parasympathetic ganglions

S2B1: Anatomy (10 decks)

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