Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

8 derivatives of the foregut

Answer 1

1. Esophagus
2. Diaphragm
3. Stomach
4. Duodenum
5. Liver
6. Biliary apparatus
7. Pancreas
8. Spleen

Question 2

Bile is produced in the _______

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Bile is stored in the ____________

Answer 3

Gall bladder

Question 4

Two functions of the pancreas

Answer 4

1. Endocrine: produce insulin

2. Exocrine: produce proteolytic digestive enzymes

Question 5

2 derivatives of midgut

Answer 5

1. Small intestine

2. Ascending colon

Question 6

4 derivatives if hindgut

Answer 6

1. Transverse, descending, sigmoid colon
2. Rectum
3. Superior part of anal canal
4. Epithelium of urinary bladder & most of urethra

Question 7

Function of stomodeum

Answer 7

Allows for communication with amniotic fluid

Question 8

Foregut is supplied by

Answer 8

Celiac artery

Question 9

Midgut is supplied by

Answer 9

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 10

Hindgut is supplied by

Answer 10

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 11

Polyhydramnios

Answer 11

Too much amniotic fluid

Question 12

Cause of tracheoesophogeal fistula

Answer 12

Tracheoesophageal septum develops incorrectly in wrong place
Allows trachea to communicate with distal esophagus

Question 13

Gastroesophageal reflux

Answer 13

Acid from the stomach is not prevented from flowing retrograde into the esophagus

Question 14

Cause of congenital diaphgragmatic hernia

Answer 14

Failure of pleuroperitoneal canals to become obliterated ➡️ intestines enter thoracic cavity through foramen Bochdalek

Question 15

Cause of eventration of diaphragm

Answer 15

Diaphragm is poorly muscularized which allows abdominal visecera to ascend into chest and compress the lung
Results in lung hypoplasia

Question 16

Cause of paralysis of diaphragm

Answer 16

Damage to phrenic nerve during traumatic delivery (usually of large baby)

Question 17

Cause of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 17

Excessive development of the muscle around the pylorus during the first few weeks of life
Outlet is hypertrophied➡️ vomiting

Question 18

2 types of biliary atresia

Answer 18

1. Intrahepatic

2. Extrahepatic

Question 19

Atelectasis

Answer 19

Collapse of portion of the lung

Question 20

Bronchiectasis

Answer 20

Abcesses in the lung

Question 21

Meconium ileus associated with

Answer 21

Cystic fibrosis

Question 22

Meconium ileus

Answer 22

Meconium is increaed viscosity; so thick it cannot move through the bowel and creates a functional intestinal obstruction in distal ileum

Question 23

Cause of duodenal atresia

Answer 23

Failure of the gut to recanalize after the normal stage of epithelial proliferation during development
May involve genetic predisposition

Question 24

Omphalocele

Answer 24

Defect in midline abdominal wall that causes intestines and other abdominal organs (i.e liver) to exist outside the body; covered by perineal membrane

Question 25

Gastroschisis

Answer 25

Non-midline abdominal wall defect (usually on right side) that causes intestines to be located outside the body
No membrane covers intestines
Not associated with MCA

Question 26

Cause of malrotation

Answer 26

Failure of normal rotation of the midgut around its mesenteric attachment during development
Leads to absence of normal fixation of the gut to the body wall

Question 27

3 types of malrotation

Answer 27

1. Reversed rotation
2. Mixed rotation
3. Nonrotation

Question 28

Ladd’s bands

Answer 28

Run from abnormally placed anterior cecum to the posterior peritoneum and obstruct the duodenum

Question 29

Volvulus

Answer 29

Sudden twisting if the gut caused by abnormal anchoring of the intestine to the body wall
Causes intestinal obstruction

Question 30

Cause of jejenal/ ileum atresia

Answer 30

Vascular accidents late during fetal life with ischemic necrosis followed by resorption of the affected regions of the bowel

Question 31

Cause of intussusception

Answer 31

Section of bowel invaginates into the lumen of the distal bowel creating a complete obstruction

Question 32

Cause of Meckels diverticulum

Answer 32

Presence of remnant of vitelline duct

Question 33

Cause of duplication

Answer 33

Failure of recanalization of the intestine following epithelial proliferation during normal development

Question 34

Ileus

Answer 34

Functional obstruction of peristalsis of the small intestine
Usually results from severe illness

Question 35

Cause of Hirsphrung disease

Answer 35

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate caudally to the end of the bowel➡️ absence of autonomic innervation in distal bowel (varying lengths)
Prevents bowel from relaxing resulting in functional obstruction

Question 36

Imperforate anus

Answer 36

Anal or rectal atresia (infant fails to pass meconium normally)

Question 37

Inguinal hernia

Answer 37

Enlarged opening at the inguinal ring which communicates with the abdomen (loops of bowel in hernia sac)

Question 38

Yolk sac divided into 3 parts

Answer 38

1. Foregut
2. Midgut
3. Hindgut