Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards
Oral Cavity
Dental Caries
Cavities
Oral Cavity
What causes Dental Caries?
Oral bacterial converts sugar into acid
Acids destroy the enamel and dentin of the teeth
Oral Cavity
How do acids detroy enamel and dentin?
They solubilize hydroxyapatite crystals
Oral Cavity
What bacteria is associated with plaque formation?
S. mutans
Oral Cavity
What is more resistant to solubilization and acids than hydroxyapatitie crystals?
Fluorapatite Crystals
Fluoride
Oral Cavity
What is the clinical pathology of cavities?
Cells that make enamel are lost after tooth erupts so enamel cannot be regenerated
Exposes pulp and nerves to cold/heat from food
Oral Cavity
Treatment for cavities
Fill
Oral Cavity
How can cavities be prevented?
Cleaning (flossing and brushing)
Oral Cavity
What is Gingivitis?
Inflammaiton of the gingiva
Oral Cavity
What is gingiva?
Oral mucoas (often parakeratinized - keratinized) immediately around teeth
Oral Cavity
What causes Gingivitis?
Oral bacteria forming a biofilm (plaque) on teeth
Plaque beneth the gum line leads to gingival infection
Oral Cavity
What are the consequences of Gingivitis?
Gingival erthema and edema
Bleeding
Changes in contour
Loss of soft tissue around teeth
Periodontitis (eventual loss of teeth)
Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands
Parotid Glands
Serous
immediately in front of ears and jaw line
Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands
Submandibular Glands
Mixed gland
Predominately serous
some mucous
floor of mouth near jaw
Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands
Sublingual Glands
Mixed gland
predominately mucous
some serous
immediately under tongue
Oral Cavity
What makes up Saliva?
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Ions/Water
IgA
Oral Cavity: Saliva
Proteins
α - amylase to break down carbohydrates
Lysozyme to attack bacteria
Oral Cavity: Saliva
Glycoproteins
Mucins (lubrication) move food down esophagus
Conjugated antibodies
Oral Cavity: Saliva
Ions/Water
Including bicarbonate ion (buffering)
Oral Cavity: Saliva
IgG
polymerized
produced by plasma cells
Oral Cavity
Xerostomia
Dry mouth
Decrease in saliva production by salivary glands
Oral Cavity
What causes Xerostomia?
Side effect of medication
Feature of autoimmune disorder Sjogren Syndrome
Major complication of radiation therapy
Oral Cavity
Symptoms of Xerostomia
Dry mouth
Atrophy of tongue papilla (with fissuring and ulcerations)
Oral Cavity
Complications of Xerostomia
Increased rates of dental caries
Increased risk of candidiasis (oral thrush)
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Oral Cavity
Treatments for Xerostomia
Change dose/type of medicine
Address autominune disorder
Pylocarpine
Oral Cavity
Pylocarpine
treatment for Xerostomia
Stimulates salvia production through muscarinic colonergic receptors
Esophagus
How do the Trachea and Esophagus develop?
As one tube
Trachea buds off foregut
