Gastrointestinal Pathology

Question 1

Oral Cavity

Dental Caries

Answer 1

Cavities

Question 2

Oral Cavity

What causes Dental Caries?

Answer 2

Oral bacterial converts sugar into acid
Acids destroy the enamel and dentin of the teeth

Question 3

Oral Cavity

How do acids detroy enamel and dentin?

Answer 3

They solubilize hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 4

Oral Cavity

What bacteria is associated with plaque formation?

Answer 4

S. mutans

Question 5

Oral Cavity

What is more resistant to solubilization and acids than hydroxyapatitie crystals?

Answer 5

Fluorapatite Crystals

Fluoride

Question 6

Oral Cavity

What is the clinical pathology of cavities?

Answer 6

Cells that make enamel are lost after tooth erupts so enamel cannot be regenerated
Exposes pulp and nerves to cold/heat from food

Question 7

Oral Cavity

Treatment for cavities

Answer 7

Fill

Question 8

Oral Cavity

How can cavities be prevented?

Answer 8

Cleaning (flossing and brushing)

Question 9

Oral Cavity

What is Gingivitis?

Answer 9

Inflammaiton of the gingiva

Question 10

Oral Cavity

What is gingiva?

Answer 10

Oral mucoas (often parakeratinized - keratinized) immediately around teeth

Question 11

Oral Cavity

What causes Gingivitis?

Answer 11

Oral bacteria forming a biofilm (plaque) on teeth
Plaque beneth the gum line leads to gingival infection

Question 12

Oral Cavity

What are the consequences of Gingivitis?

Answer 12

Gingival erthema and edema
Bleeding
Changes in contour
Loss of soft tissue around teeth
Periodontitis (eventual loss of teeth)

Question 13

Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands

Parotid Glands

Answer 13

Serous
immediately in front of ears and jaw line

Question 14

Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands

Submandibular Glands

Answer 14

Mixed gland
Predominately serous
some mucous
floor of mouth near jaw

Question 15

Oral Cavity: Salivary Glands

Sublingual Glands

Answer 15

Mixed gland
predominately mucous
some serous
immediately under tongue

Question 16

Oral Cavity

What makes up Saliva?

Answer 16

Proteins
Glycoproteins
Ions/Water
IgA

Question 17

Oral Cavity: Saliva

Proteins

Answer 17

α - amylase to break down carbohydrates
Lysozyme to attack bacteria

Question 18

Oral Cavity: Saliva

Glycoproteins

Answer 18

Mucins (lubrication) move food down esophagus
Conjugated antibodies

Question 19

Oral Cavity: Saliva

Ions/Water

Answer 19

Including bicarbonate ion (buffering)

Question 20

Oral Cavity: Saliva

IgG

Answer 20

polymerized
produced by plasma cells

Question 21

Oral Cavity

Xerostomia

Dry mouth

Answer 21

Decrease in saliva production by salivary glands

Question 22

Oral Cavity

What causes Xerostomia?

Answer 22

Side effect of medication
Feature of autoimmune disorder Sjogren Syndrome
Major complication of radiation therapy

Question 23

Oral Cavity

Symptoms of Xerostomia

Answer 23

Dry mouth
Atrophy of tongue papilla (with fissuring and ulcerations)

Question 24

Oral Cavity

Complications of Xerostomia

Answer 24

Increased rates of dental caries
Increased risk of candidiasis (oral thrush)
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)

Question 25

Oral Cavity

Treatments for Xerostomia

Answer 25

Change dose/type of medicine
Address autominune disorder
Pylocarpine

Question 26

Oral Cavity

Pylocarpine

Answer 26

treatment for Xerostomia
Stimulates salvia production through muscarinic colonergic receptors

Question 27

Esophagus

How do the Trachea and Esophagus develop?

Answer 27

As one tube
Trachea buds off foregut