Cell Death, Infection/Skin Diseases Review

Question 1

Primers

Histology of Immune Responses

Function. Components.

Answer 1

Function: Surveillace of all sites where foreign matter enters the body
Components: Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue/Nodules, LN, Spleen, thymus

Question 2

Primers

Key elements of the Immune Response

Answer 2

WBCs (lymphocytes, basophils eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes)
RBCs
Immune Cells (WBCs+ plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages)
Lymphatic nodules (primary v. secondary)
Immune Organs (LN, thymus, spleen)

Question 3

Lec1: Questions

Apoptotic Blebbing

Answer 3

the result of loss of cortical cytoskeletal connections resultinf in membrane outpocketing
Generally seen as a precursor to formation of apoptotic bodies

Slide 16

Question 4

Lecture 1 - Questions

Relationship between Calcium levels and Mitochondria

Answer 4

Level of calcium outside the cell and in the ER may be similar
Outside the cell and ER are much higher than cytosolic
Mitochondria can acts as a calcium sink when cytosolic and ER levels get too high

Question 5

What happens if mitochondrial calcium gets too high?

Answer 5

It disrupts the membrane gradient (impacts ETC and transport)
Can cause precipitaion of matrix proteins (compromsed function)
May lead to the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT)

Question 6

What does blebbing look like in necrosis?

Answer 6

Generally larger than apoptotic blebs
do no regress (less likely to)
precursor to breakdown of membrane, not packaging of contents

Question 7

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Cell Swelling

Answer 7

Necrosis

Question 8

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Condensed Nucleus

Answer 8

Both

Question 9

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Induced by toxins

Answer 9

Both

Question 10

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Calcium overload

Answer 10

Both

Question 11

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Involvement of Mitochondria

Answer 11

Both

Question 12

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Caspases are markers

Answer 12

Apoptosis

Question 13

Morphological features of Necrosis

Answer 13

Loss of nuclei
Breakdown of membranes

Question 14

Major morphological features of Apoptosis

Answer 14

Cell rounding/condensation
Nuclear condensation/fragmentation (DAPI)
Membrane blebbing (light microscopy)
Formation of apoptotic bodies (packaging of cell contents into vesicles)

Question 15

Cell Death Review

When a cell dies by apoptosis, what happens to its contents?

Answer 15

They are packaged and then absorbed by macrophages

apoptotic bodies

Question 16

Cell Death Review

How does apoptosis impact the neighbors?

Answer 16

Limited damage (unless macrophages initiate an inflammatory response)

Question 17

Cell Death Review

When a cell dies by necrosis, what happens to its contents?

Answer 17

They are released into the surrounding tissue

Question 18

Cell Death Review

How does necrosis impact the neighbors?

Answer 18

Likely to cause spreading damage

Question 19

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What is Erythema?

Answer 19

redness

Question 20

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

Why is the tissue redder than normal?

Answer 20

Excess blood

Question 21

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

Source of excess blood?

Answer 21

Eblarged blood vessels
Possible leakage of blood

Question 22

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What is leakage of blood called?

Answer 22

Hemorrhage

Question 23

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What causes blood leakage?

Answer 23

Increased permeability of endothelium
Damaged blood vessels

Question 24

Acute vs. Chronic inflammation

Acute Inflammation

Answer 24

Dilation of small blood vessels
Increased microvasculature permeability
Migration and activation of immune cells

Question 25

# Acute vs. Chronic inflammation Chronic Inflammation

Answer 25

Infilitration by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells Tissue destruction Attempts at healing

Question 26

# Meningitis: Pressure What structure(s) in the subarachnoid space could be impacted?

Answer 26

Blood vessels

Question 27

# Meningitis: Pressure How would this impact blood flow?

Answer 27

Reduce it

Question 28

# Meningitis: Pressure How would this impact nerve tissue?

Answer 28

Ischemia Hypoxia Cell Death

Question 29

# Meningitis: Pressure Neuronal Injury

Answer 29

Inflammation in the subarachnoid space Substantial infiltration by neutrophils May breah blood-brain barrier and cause localized inflammation in neural tissue Damage to blood vessels can cause hemorrhage into the brain Most damage is due to pressure

Question 30

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? Fever | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 30

Enteric Muscle

Question 31

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? Periorbital Edema | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 31

Muscle

Question 32

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? Headache | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 32

Enteric Muscle

Question 33

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? Diarrhea | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 33

Enteric

Question 34

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? Myalgia | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 34

Muscle

Question 35

# Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in? A limp | Enteric, Muscle, or Both

Answer 35

Muscle

Question 36

# Tricinosis Clinical Presentation of Enteric Stage

Answer 36

Typical of enteric disease Diarrhea and nausea Vomiting, pain, low grade fever

Question 37

# Trichinosis Clinical Presentation of Muscle Stage

Answer 37

Typical of infection/muscle damage Myalgia and paralysis Fever, headache, skin rash Edema and conjunctivitis

Question 38

# Psoriasis What does VEGF stand for?

Answer 38

**V**ascular **E**ndothelial **G**rowth **F**actor

Question 39

# Psoriasis How does VEGF support parakeratosis?

Answer 39

Increased nutrients available for cell growth

Question 40

# Psoriasis What feature of cancer involves VEGF

Answer 40

Angiogenesis

Question 41

# Psoriasis Why are anti-VEGF treatments topical?

Answer 41

Systemic toxicity

Question 42

# Psoriasis: Angiogenesis Angiogenic factors found in psoriatic lesions

Answer 42

TNFa TGFb IL8 VEGF

Question 43

# Verrucae What grows excessively in verruca?

Answer 43

Epidermis

Question 44

# Verrucae What induces excessive epidermal growth?

Answer 44

Viral infection

Question 45

# Verrucae What movie featured a character named Veruca?

Answer 45

Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory

Question 46

# Verrucae Warts

Answer 46

Squamoproliferative Caused by HPV Generally regress Virus transmitted by contact Viral typing can confirm if cancerous or not

Question 47

# Pemphigus What is the difference between epidermis and mucosa?

Answer 47

Epidermis is keratinized, stratified Mucoas is ciliated, often simple

Question 48

# Pemphigus What type of blister would be most likely to have blood?

Answer 48

Subepidermal | More likely to damage blood vessel