Cell Death, Infection/Skin Diseases Review Flashcards
Primers
Histology of Immune Responses
Function. Components.
Function: Surveillace of all sites where foreign matter enters the body
Components: Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue/Nodules, LN, Spleen, thymus
Primers
Key elements of the Immune Response
WBCs (lymphocytes, basophils eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes)
RBCs
Immune Cells (WBCs+ plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages)
Lymphatic nodules (primary v. secondary)
Immune Organs (LN, thymus, spleen)
Lec1: Questions
Apoptotic Blebbing
the result of loss of cortical cytoskeletal connections resultinf in membrane outpocketing
Generally seen as a precursor to formation of apoptotic bodies
Slide 16
Lecture 1 - Questions
Relationship between Calcium levels and Mitochondria
Level of calcium outside the cell and in the ER may be similar
Outside the cell and ER are much higher than cytosolic
Mitochondria can acts as a calcium sink when cytosolic and ER levels get too high
What happens if mitochondrial calcium gets too high?
It disrupts the membrane gradient (impacts ETC and transport)
Can cause precipitaion of matrix proteins (compromsed function)
May lead to the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT)
What does blebbing look like in necrosis?
Generally larger than apoptotic blebs
do no regress (less likely to)
precursor to breakdown of membrane, not packaging of contents
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Cell Swelling
Necrosis
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Condensed Nucleus
Both
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Induced by toxins
Both
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Calcium overload
Both
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Involvement of Mitochondria
Both
Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both
Caspases are markers
Apoptosis
Morphological features of Necrosis
Loss of nuclei
Breakdown of membranes
Major morphological features of Apoptosis
Cell rounding/condensation
Nuclear condensation/fragmentation (DAPI)
Membrane blebbing (light microscopy)
Formation of apoptotic bodies (packaging of cell contents into vesicles)
Cell Death Review
When a cell dies by apoptosis, what happens to its contents?
They are packaged and then absorbed by macrophages
apoptotic bodies
Cell Death Review
How does apoptosis impact the neighbors?
Limited damage (unless macrophages initiate an inflammatory response)
Cell Death Review
When a cell dies by necrosis, what happens to its contents?
They are released into the surrounding tissue
Cell Death Review
How does necrosis impact the neighbors?
Likely to cause spreading damage
Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?
What is Erythema?
redness
Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?
Why is the tissue redder than normal?
Excess blood
Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?
Source of excess blood?
Eblarged blood vessels
Possible leakage of blood
Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?
What is leakage of blood called?
Hemorrhage
Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?
What causes blood leakage?
Increased permeability of endothelium
Damaged blood vessels
Acute vs. Chronic inflammation
Acute Inflammation
Dilation of small blood vessels
Increased microvasculature permeability
Migration and activation of immune cells
Acute vs. Chronic inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Infilitration by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing
Meningitis: Pressure
What structure(s) in the subarachnoid space could be impacted?
Blood vessels
Meningitis: Pressure
How would this impact blood flow?
Reduce it
Meningitis: Pressure
How would this impact nerve tissue?
Ischemia
Hypoxia
Cell Death
Meningitis: Pressure
Neuronal Injury
Inflammation in the subarachnoid space
Substantial infiltration by neutrophils
May breah blood-brain barrier and cause localized inflammation in neural tissue
Damage to blood vessels can cause hemorrhage into the brain
Most damage is due to pressure
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
Fever
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Enteric
Muscle
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
Periorbital Edema
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Muscle
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
Headache
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Enteric
Muscle
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
Diarrhea
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Enteric
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
Myalgia
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Muscle
Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?
A limp
Enteric, Muscle, or Both
Muscle
Tricinosis
Clinical Presentation of Enteric Stage
Typical of enteric disease
Diarrhea and nausea
Vomiting, pain, low grade fever
Trichinosis
Clinical Presentation of Muscle Stage
Typical of infection/muscle damage
Myalgia and paralysis
Fever, headache, skin rash
Edema and conjunctivitis
Psoriasis
What does VEGF stand for?
Vascular
Endothelial
Growth
Factor
Psoriasis
How does VEGF support parakeratosis?
Increased nutrients available for cell growth
Psoriasis
What feature of cancer involves VEGF
Angiogenesis
Psoriasis
Why are anti-VEGF treatments topical?
Systemic toxicity
Psoriasis: Angiogenesis
Angiogenic factors found in psoriatic lesions
TNFa
TGFb
IL8
VEGF
Verrucae
What grows excessively in verruca?
Epidermis
Verrucae
What induces excessive epidermal growth?
Viral infection
Verrucae
What movie featured a character named Veruca?
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Verrucae
Warts
Squamoproliferative
Caused by HPV
Generally regress
Virus transmitted by contact
Viral typing can confirm if cancerous or not
Pemphigus
What is the difference between epidermis and mucosa?
Epidermis is keratinized, stratified
Mucoas is ciliated, often simple
Pemphigus
What type of blister would be most likely to have blood?
Subepidermal
More likely to damage blood vessel
