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Mechanism of Disease > Exam 2: Important words > Flashcards

Exam 2: Important words Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Hypertension

A

Sustained pressure increase

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2
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

Hypertension explained by another disease

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3
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis, Hyperplastic Arteriosclerosis

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery (atheromas)

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5
Q

Atheroma

A

Atherosclerotic plaques
Build up of lipids in walls of vessels
Fibrofatty Plaque

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6
Q

Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque

A

Larger lipid core
smaller fibrous cap
large immune response
more likely to break off and travel through the blood

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7
Q

Stable Plaque

A

Greater fibrous cap relative to the size of the lipid core

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8
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

High cholesterol levels

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9
Q

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

more lipid than protein

Bad cholesterol

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10
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

More protein than lipid

Good cholesterol

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11
Q

Chronic hyperlipidemia

A

Increased LDL
Decreased HDL
Damage the intima by LDL accumulation

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12
Q

Thrombus

A

Accumulation of platelets producing a blood clot

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13
Q

Tunica Intima

A

innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

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14
Q

Tunica Media

A

middle layer of a blood vessel wall

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15
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

outermost layer of a blood vessel wall

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16
Q

Thrombosis

A

Rupture of plaque

Mobile plaque

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17
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart Attack

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18
Q

Cerebral Infarction

A

Stroke

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19
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Lower perfusion than needed
Decreased blood flow
increasedneed

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20
Q

Myocardial Infarction

Compensation

A

Neighboring tissue may work harder but still allow function

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21
Q

Reperfusion Injury

A

Cells keep dying even thou you have blood flow restored

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22
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of the heart

specifically the ventricles

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23
Q

Bradycardia

A

resting HR < 60 bpm

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24
Q

Tachycardia

A

Resting HR > 100 bpm

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25
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart due to infection
26
Carcinoid Heart Disease
Cancer cells produce hormones that affect heart tissue | Cancer cells produce hormones and compromise heart function
27
Anemia
Low blood RBCs level
28
Thymidine synthesis
Required for DNA synthesis
29
Hematopoiesis
formation of blood cellular components
30
Megaloblastic
Abnormally large blood cells and precursorss
31
Platelet | Thrombocyte
Cell fragments
32
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet levels below normal
33
Drug-associated Immune Thrombocytopenia
Immune-mediated destruction of platelets
34
Heparin
Anti-coagulant
35
Heparin Type I
Direct aggregation of platelets
36
Heparin Type II
Venous/arterial thrombosis
37
ADAMTS13
Metalloprotease involved in formation of multimers that form the complexes in clot formation
38
Leukopenia
Lack of WBCs
39
Agranulocytosis
Lack of granulocytes | Granulocyte deficiency
40
Absolute Neutropenia
Make no neutrophils at all
41
Cyclic Neutropenia
Every 3 weeks, for 3-5 days, neutrophil count drops near zero, then rebounds
42
Neutrophil elastase
Inhibitory Regulates production of neutrophils to prevent overproduction | Negative feedback - inhibits neutrophil production
43
# Lung Disease Resorption
Blockage of airway
44
# Lung Disease Compression
Accumulation in pleural space
45
# Lung Disease Contraction
Fibrosis restricts expansion
46
# Lung Disease Embolus
blood clot, air bubble, etc that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a vessel, and causes embolism
47
# Lung Disease Cor Pulmonale
Failure of the RV
48
# Lung Disease Thrombolytic
clot-busting drugs get rid of blood clots that keep oxygen from reaching your vital organs
49
# Lung Disease Plasmapheresis
Plasma is separated from plasma, then return the blood to the person
50
# Lung Disease Congestive heart failure
Heart fails to pump blood as well as it should
51
# Lung Disease Penumocytes
cells that line the alveoli and comprise of the majority of the inner surface of the lungs.
52
# Lung Disease Hyalinization
he process whereby tissue degenerates into a translucent glass-like substance, or the state of being hyaline
53
# Lung Disease Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing.
54
# Lung Disease Tachypnea
abnormally rapid breathing
55
# Lung Disease Cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
56
# Lung Disease Hypoxemia
A low level of oxygen in the blood.
57
# Lung Disease Pulmonary Edema
increased fluid in the lungs
58
# Lung Disease Community-acquired Pneumonia
Typical - bacterial Atypical - viral, mycoplasmal
59
# Lung Disease Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
Mechanical ventilation is a risk factor Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission and is not present at the admission time.
60
# Lung Disease Aspiration Pneumonia
Markedly debilitated patients, stroke victims Abnormal gag/swallowing reflex caused by something other than air being inhaled (aspirated) into your respiratory tract. (usually vomit)
61
# Lung Disease Chronic Pneumonia
localized lesion immunocompetent patient an illness that lasts at least 6 weeks and is caused by a microorganism. The chest radiograph usually shows diffuse or focal shadows.
62
# Lung Disease Microaspiration
the main pathogenic mechanism in pneumonia where particulate material and microorganisms are able to enter upper airways and then reach the lower airways and respiratory tract
63
# Lung Disease Bronchopenumonia
a type of pneumonia that inflames the alveoli (tiny air sacs) inside the lungs Patchy consolidation Areas of acute inflammation
64
# Lung Disease Lobar bacterial pneumonia
Acute exudative inflammation of the entire lobe Consolidation of lung (hepatization) Presence of fibrin and infection fill alveoli
65
# Lung Disease Fibrinosuppurative pleuritis
Lung swelling * Neutrophil infiltration * Fibrin aggregation Pleuritic pain and pleural friction rub
66
# Lung Disease Hepatization
pathologic alteration of lung tissue such that it resembles liver tissue
67
# Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases Inhalation
Intercostal muscles contract to draw ribs upwards Diaphragm contracts and pulls down Increased volume draws air in | change volume - change pressure - move air
68
# Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases Exhalation
Muscles relax and elastic fibers retract Decreased volume expels air | change volume - change pressure - move air ## Footnote Increase pressure relative to atmospheric pressure and air moves out
69
# Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases Obstructive
Partial or complete obstruction at any level Increased resistance to airflow | decreased forced expiratory volume
70
# Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases Restrictive
Reduced expansion of parenchyma Decreased total lung capacity | decreased FEV and vital capacity
71
# Obstructive Diseases Atopic Asthma
Classic hypersensitivity reaction (IgE)
72
# Obstructive Diseases Non-atopic Asthma
Hyperirritability due to viral infection
73
# Obstructive Diseases Drug-induced Asthma
Aspirin (and other NSAIDS) affects balance of cyclooxygenase activity
74
# Obstructive Diseases Occupational Asthma
Exposure to fumes, dust, gases, and chemicals
75
# Obstructive Diseases Proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)
Major Basic Protein cellular toxin (bacterial and mammalian)
76
# Obstructive Diseases Ribonuclease 3
Eosinophil Cationic Protein Binds to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (endocytosis) Apoptosis through caspase - 8
77
# Obstructive Diseases Cystic Fibrosis
Mutation in chloride channel results in viscous mucous that obstructs passageways
78
# Obstructive Diseases Cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR)
Chloride channel expressed by epithelial cells Irregular folding promotes degredation Impaired secretion of chloride ion impairs secretion of sodium ion and water
79
# Restrictive Disorders Pneumoconioses
Caused by particles Recognized as foreign cannot be eliminated
80
# Restrictive Disorders Silicosis
a type of pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica
81
# Restrictive Disorders Asbestosis
a chronic lung condition that is caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air.
82
# Non-Specific Lung Defenses Mucociliary Escalator
Move things away from the lungs
83
# Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Empyema
Pockets of pus in a body cavity
84
# Kidney Disease Pre-renal
Volume depletion Hypotension Heart Failure Stenosis Cirrhosis NSAIDS
85
# Kidney Disease Intrarenal
Vascular (sclerosis, vasculitis) Glomerular (membrane damage) Tubular (cancer, toxic injury, altered ionic homeostasis)
86
# Kidney Disease Postrenal
obstruction stones prostatic disease
87
# Kidney Disease Juxtaglomerular apparatus
an anatomical unit located at the hilus of the glomerulus and is believed to be involved in feedback control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
88
# Pre-Renal Kidney Disease Juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells located in the wall of the afferent arteriole release renin
89
# Pre-Renal Kidney Disease Angiotensin II
Potent vasoconstrictor that directly increases blood pressure
90
# Pre-Renal Kidney Disease: Renal Artery Stenosis Fibromuscular dysplasia
Increased smooth muscle in wall possibly congenital decrease lumen - stenosis
91
# Intrarenal: Nephrosclerosis Malignant HTN (unresolved HTN)
Endothelial damage results in protein leakage and development of clots leads to renal ischemia (fibrinoid necrosis, hyperplastic arteriolitis)
92
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Hematuria
Blood leaking out of glomerular capillaries into urinary space RBCs in urine
93
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Oliguria
Decreases urine production
94
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Azotemia
Increased nitrogen compounds in blood
95
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Proteinuria
Increased protein in the urine
96
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Hypovolemia
Decreased blood volume
97
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Hyperlipidemia
Increased lipid levels in blood
98
# Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage Lipiduria
presence of lipids in the urine
99
# Postrenal: Cystitis Dysuria
Pain/burning upon urination
100
# Postrenal Cystitis Pyelonephritis
Infection in the bladder can travel up to the kidney - infection of kidney
101
# Nervous System Somatic Nervous system
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
102
# Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
103
# Nervous System Somatic Sensory
Transmit input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscles
104
# Nervous System Visceral Sensory
Transmit input from stomach and intestines (viscera)
105
# Special Senses: Glaucoma Vitreous Humor
the transparent gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens.
106
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease Chemical Synapse
Neurotransmitter release promotes ion uptake in postsynaptic membrane (dendrite) | Skeletal muscle
107
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease Electrical Synpase
Ions traveling through gap junctions Common in cardiac, smooth muscle
108
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease What Neurotransmitters were discovered first?
ACh and NE
109
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease Excitatory neurotransmitters
Neuron is usually off Binding of neurotransmitter activates neuron
110
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Neuron is always active Binding of neurotransmitter inhibits neuron
111
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myasthenia Gravis Diplopia
Double vision
112
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myasthenia Gravis Ptosis
Drooping eyelid
113
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myelin Sheath Disease Saltatory Conduction
Signal jumps from node to node
114
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis Cranial Nerve Signs
Problems w/ various structures and functions hearing loss, sensation/taste issues, associated with head and neck
115
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis Ataxia
impaired coordination
116
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis Nystagmus
Involuntary rhymic eye movement - eyes wobble
117
# PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis Internuclear Opthalmoplegia
Deficit of gaze one eye goes left, the other slowly trails behind
118
# Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity Hepatic Encephalopathy
Glial response within the CNS (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia) Elevated ammonia and pro-inflammatory cytokines Astrocytes will be altered
119
# Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity Alzheimer Type II Cells
Altered astrocytes seen in ethanol toxicity
120
# Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity Opthalmoplegia
Paralysis or weakness of eye muscles
121
# Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity Confabulation
a neuropsychiatric disorder wherein a patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit
122
# Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease Vasogenic
BBB disruption and increased vascular permeability allow fluid to move from within vasculature to within parenchymal space
123
# Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease Cytotoxic
Secondary to cell membrane injury (neuron, glia, endothelium)
124
# Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease Gliosis
Glial cells fill space
125
# Diseases of the CNS: Prion Diseases Startle myoclonus
Abnormal jerk reaction to sudden stimulus
126
# Diseases of the CNS: Motor Neuron Diseases: ALS Retrograde transport
synaptic to cell body
127
# Diseases of the CNS: Motor Neuron Diseases: ALS Fasciculations
a visible, involuntary twitching of an individual muscle
128
# Diseases of the CNS: Degenerative Diseases: Parkinson's Bradykinesia
slowness of movement and speed (or progressive hesitations/halts) as movements are continued
129
130
# Diseases of the CNS: Degenerative Diseases: Parkinson's Parkin
A3-ubiquitin ligase proteosome function
131
# Diseases of the CNS: Dementia: Alzeherimer Disease Tau
microtubule binding protein When hyperphosphorylated, Tau causes formation of large aggregates
132
# Diseases of the CNS: Dementia: Alzeherimer Disease γ-secretase
involved in processing to form amyloid beta

Mechanism of Disease (11 decks)

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