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Mechanism of Disease > Exam 2: Important words > Flashcards

Exam 2: Important words Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Hypertension

A

Sustained pressure increase

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2
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

Hypertension explained by another disease

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3
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis, Hyperplastic Arteriosclerosis

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery (atheromas)

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5
Q

Atheroma

A

Atherosclerotic plaques
Build up of lipids in walls of vessels
Fibrofatty Plaque

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6
Q

Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque

A

Larger lipid core
smaller fibrous cap
large immune response
more likely to break off and travel through the blood

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7
Q

Stable Plaque

A

Greater fibrous cap relative to the size of the lipid core

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8
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

High cholesterol levels

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9
Q

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

more lipid than protein

Bad cholesterol

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10
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

More protein than lipid

Good cholesterol

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11
Q

Chronic hyperlipidemia

A

Increased LDL
Decreased HDL
Damage the intima by LDL accumulation

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12
Q

Thrombus

A

Accumulation of platelets producing a blood clot

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13
Q

Tunica Intima

A

innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

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14
Q

Tunica Media

A

middle layer of a blood vessel wall

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15
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

outermost layer of a blood vessel wall

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16
Q

Thrombosis

A

Rupture of plaque

Mobile plaque

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17
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart Attack

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18
Q

Cerebral Infarction

A

Stroke

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19
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Lower perfusion than needed
Decreased blood flow
increasedneed

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20
Q

Myocardial Infarction

Compensation

A

Neighboring tissue may work harder but still allow function

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21
Q

Reperfusion Injury

A

Cells keep dying even thou you have blood flow restored

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22
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of the heart

specifically the ventricles

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23
Q

Bradycardia

A

resting HR < 60 bpm

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24
Q

Tachycardia

A

Resting HR > 100 bpm

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25
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart due to infection

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26
Q

Carcinoid Heart Disease

A

Cancer cells produce hormones that affect heart tissue

Cancer cells produce hormones and compromise heart function

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27
Q

Anemia

A

Low blood RBCs level

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28
Q

Thymidine synthesis

A

Required for DNA synthesis

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29
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cellular components

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30
Q

Megaloblastic

A

Abnormally large blood cells and precursorss

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31
Q

Platelet

Thrombocyte

A

Cell fragments

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32
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Platelet levels below normal

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33
Q

Drug-associated Immune Thrombocytopenia

A

Immune-mediated destruction of platelets

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34
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-coagulant

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35
Q

Heparin Type I

A

Direct aggregation of platelets

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36
Q

Heparin Type II

A

Venous/arterial thrombosis

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37
Q

ADAMTS13

A

Metalloprotease involved in formation of multimers that form the complexes in clot formation

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38
Q

Leukopenia

A

Lack of WBCs

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39
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Lack of granulocytes

Granulocyte deficiency

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40
Q

Absolute Neutropenia

A

Make no neutrophils at all

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41
Q

Cyclic Neutropenia

A

Every 3 weeks, for 3-5 days, neutrophil count drops near zero, then rebounds

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42
Q

Neutrophil elastase

A

Inhibitory
Regulates production of neutrophils to prevent overproduction

Negative feedback - inhibits neutrophil production

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43
Q

Lung Disease

Resorption

A

Blockage of airway

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44
Q

Lung Disease

Compression

A

Accumulation in pleural space

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45
Q

Lung Disease

Contraction

A

Fibrosis restricts expansion

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46
Q

Lung Disease

Embolus

A

blood clot, air bubble, etc that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a vessel, and causes embolism

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47
Q

Lung Disease

Cor Pulmonale

A

Failure of the RV

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48
Q

Lung Disease

Thrombolytic

A

clot-busting drugs
get rid of blood clots that keep oxygen from reaching your vital organs

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49
Q

Lung Disease

Plasmapheresis

A

Plasma is separated from plasma, then return the blood to the person

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50
Q

Lung Disease

Congestive heart failure

A

Heart fails to pump blood as well as it should

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51
Q

Lung Disease

Penumocytes

A

cells that line the alveoli and comprise of the majority of the inner surface of the lungs.

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52
Q

Lung Disease

Hyalinization

A

he process whereby tissue degenerates into a translucent glass-like substance, or the state of being hyaline

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53
Q

Lung Disease

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing.

54
Q

Lung Disease

Tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid breathing

55
Q

Lung Disease

Cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

56
Q

Lung Disease

Hypoxemia

A

A low level of oxygen in the blood.

57
Q

Lung Disease

Pulmonary Edema

A

increased fluid in the lungs

58
Q

Lung Disease

Community-acquired Pneumonia

A

Typical - bacterial
Atypical - viral, mycoplasmal

59
Q

Lung Disease

Hospital-acquired Pneumonia

A

Mechanical ventilation is a risk factor
Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission and is not present at the admission time.

60
Q

Lung Disease

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

Markedly debilitated patients, stroke victims
Abnormal gag/swallowing reflex
caused by something other than air being inhaled (aspirated) into your respiratory tract. (usually vomit)

61
Q

Lung Disease

Chronic Pneumonia

A

localized lesion
immunocompetent patient
an illness that lasts at least 6 weeks and is caused by a microorganism.
The chest radiograph usually shows diffuse or focal shadows.

62
Q

Lung Disease

Microaspiration

A

the main pathogenic mechanism in pneumonia where particulate material and microorganisms are able to enter upper airways and then reach the lower airways and respiratory tract

63
Q

Lung Disease

Bronchopenumonia

A

a type of pneumonia that inflames the alveoli (tiny air sacs) inside the lungs
Patchy consolidation
Areas of acute inflammation

64
Q

Lung Disease

Lobar bacterial pneumonia

A

Acute exudative inflammation of the entire lobe
Consolidation of lung (hepatization)
Presence of fibrin and infection fill alveoli

65
Q

Lung Disease

Fibrinosuppurative pleuritis

A

Lung swelling
* Neutrophil infiltration
* Fibrin aggregation
Pleuritic pain and pleural friction rub

66
Q

Lung Disease

Hepatization

A

pathologic alteration of lung tissue such that it resembles liver tissue

67
Q

Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

Inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract to draw ribs upwards
Diaphragm contracts and pulls down
Increased volume draws air in

change volume - change pressure - move air

68
Q

Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

Exhalation

A

Muscles relax and elastic fibers retract
Decreased volume expels air

change volume - change pressure - move air

Increase pressure relative to atmospheric pressure and air moves out

69
Q

Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

Obstructive

A

Partial or complete obstruction at any level
Increased resistance to airflow

decreased forced expiratory volume

70
Q

Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

Restrictive

A

Reduced expansion of parenchyma
Decreased total lung capacity

decreased FEV and vital capacity

71
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Atopic Asthma

A

Classic hypersensitivity reaction (IgE)

72
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Non-atopic Asthma

A

Hyperirritability due to viral infection

73
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Drug-induced Asthma

A

Aspirin (and other NSAIDS) affects balance of cyclooxygenase activity

74
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Occupational Asthma

A

Exposure to fumes, dust, gases, and chemicals

75
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)

A

Major Basic Protein
cellular toxin (bacterial and mammalian)

76
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Ribonuclease 3

A

Eosinophil Cationic Protein
Binds to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (endocytosis)
Apoptosis through caspase - 8

77
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Mutation in chloride channel results in viscous mucous that obstructs passageways

78
Q

Obstructive Diseases

Cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR)

A

Chloride channel expressed by epithelial cells
Irregular folding promotes degredation
Impaired secretion of chloride ion impairs secretion of sodium ion and water

79
Q

Restrictive Disorders

Pneumoconioses

A

Caused by particles
Recognized as foreign
cannot be eliminated

80
Q

Restrictive Disorders

Silicosis

A

a type of pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica

81
Q

Restrictive Disorders

Asbestosis

A

a chronic lung condition that is caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air.

82
Q

Non-Specific Lung Defenses

Mucociliary Escalator

A

Move things away from the lungs

83
Q

Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Empyema

A

Pockets of pus in a body cavity

84
Q

Kidney Disease

Pre-renal

A

Volume depletion
Hypotension
Heart Failure
Stenosis
Cirrhosis
NSAIDS

85
Q

Kidney Disease

Intrarenal

A

Vascular (sclerosis, vasculitis)
Glomerular (membrane damage)
Tubular (cancer, toxic injury, altered ionic homeostasis)

86
Q

Kidney Disease

Postrenal

A

obstruction
stones
prostatic disease

87
Q

Kidney Disease

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

an anatomical unit located at the hilus of the glomerulus and is believed to be involved in feedback control of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.

88
Q

Pre-Renal Kidney Disease

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells
located in the wall of the afferent arteriole
release renin

89
Q

Pre-Renal Kidney Disease

Angiotensin II

A

Potent vasoconstrictor that directly increases blood pressure

90
Q

Pre-Renal Kidney Disease: Renal Artery Stenosis

Fibromuscular dysplasia

A

Increased smooth muscle in wall
possibly congenital
decrease lumen - stenosis

91
Q

Intrarenal: Nephrosclerosis

Malignant HTN (unresolved HTN)

A

Endothelial damage results in protein leakage and development of clots
leads to renal ischemia (fibrinoid necrosis, hyperplastic arteriolitis)

92
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Hematuria

A

Blood leaking out of glomerular capillaries into urinary space
RBCs in urine

93
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Oliguria

A

Decreases urine production

94
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Azotemia

A

Increased nitrogen compounds in blood

95
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Proteinuria

A

Increased protein in the urine

96
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Hypovolemia

A

Decreased blood volume

97
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Hyperlipidemia

A

Increased lipid levels in blood

98
Q

Intrarenal: Glomerular Damage

Lipiduria

A

presence of lipids in the urine

99
Q

Postrenal: Cystitis

Dysuria

A

Pain/burning upon urination

100
Q

Postrenal Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection in the bladder can travel up to the kidney - infection of kidney

101
Q

Nervous System

Somatic Nervous system

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

102
Q

Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

103
Q

Nervous System

Somatic Sensory

A

Transmit input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscles

104
Q

Nervous System

Visceral Sensory

A

Transmit input from stomach and intestines (viscera)

105
Q

Special Senses: Glaucoma

Vitreous Humor

A

the transparent gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens.

106
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease

Chemical Synapse

A

Neurotransmitter release promotes ion uptake in postsynaptic membrane (dendrite)

Skeletal muscle

107
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease

Electrical Synpase

A

Ions traveling through gap junctions
Common in cardiac, smooth muscle

108
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease

What Neurotransmitters were discovered first?

A

ACh and NE

109
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Neuron is usually off
Binding of neurotransmitter activates neuron

110
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Neuron is always active
Binding of neurotransmitter inhibits neuron

111
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myasthenia Gravis

Diplopia

A

Double vision

112
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myasthenia Gravis

Ptosis

A

Drooping eyelid

113
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Myelin Sheath Disease

Saltatory Conduction

A

Signal jumps from node to node

114
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis

Cranial Nerve Signs

A

Problems w/ various structures and functions
hearing loss, sensation/taste issues, associated with head and neck

115
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis

Ataxia

A

impaired coordination

116
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rhymic eye movement - eyes wobble

117
Q

PNS: Neuromuscular disease: Multiple Sclerosis

Internuclear Opthalmoplegia

A

Deficit of gaze
one eye goes left, the other slowly trails behind

118
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

Glial response within the CNS (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)
Elevated ammonia and pro-inflammatory cytokines
Astrocytes will be altered

119
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity

Alzheimer Type II Cells

A

Altered astrocytes seen in ethanol toxicity

120
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity

Opthalmoplegia

A

Paralysis or weakness of eye muscles

121
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Ethanol Toxicity

Confabulation

A

a neuropsychiatric disorder wherein a patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit

122
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease

Vasogenic

A

BBB disruption and increased vascular permeability allow fluid to move from within vasculature to within parenchymal space

123
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease

Cytotoxic

A

Secondary to cell membrane injury (neuron, glia, endothelium)

124
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Cerebrovascular Disease

Gliosis

A

Glial cells fill space

125
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Prion Diseases

Startle myoclonus

A

Abnormal jerk reaction to sudden stimulus

126
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Motor Neuron Diseases: ALS

Retrograde transport

A

synaptic to cell body

127
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Motor Neuron Diseases: ALS

Fasciculations

A

a visible, involuntary twitching of an individual muscle

128
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Degenerative Diseases: Parkinson’s

Bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement and speed (or progressive hesitations/halts) as movements are continued

130
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Degenerative Diseases: Parkinson’s

Parkin

A

A3-ubiquitin ligase
proteosome function

131
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Dementia: Alzeherimer Disease

Tau

A

microtubule binding protein
When hyperphosphorylated, Tau causes formation of large aggregates

132
Q

Diseases of the CNS: Dementia: Alzeherimer Disease

γ-secretase

A

involved in processing to form amyloid beta

Mechanism of Disease (11 decks)

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