Gastrointestinal Disorder (Part 1) Flashcards
THE ORAL CAVITY is bounded by the
teeth, tongue, hard palate, and soft
palate
first step of digestion:
Ingestion
. MECHANICAL DIGESTION BEGINS WHEN
THE TEETH BREAK
DOWN INGESTED FOOD
BEGINS THE PROCESS OF
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
SALIVA MOISTENS FOOD
three pairs of salivary glands:
parotid,
sublingual, and submandibular
(also called the
submaxillary gland)
submandibular
e tongue manipulates the chewed food into a small mass called
a bolus,
peristaltic waves move the bolus into the
stomach
5 nerves in swallowing
5, 7, 9, 10, 12
3 stages of Swallowing
Oral (voluntary)
Pharyngeal (Involuntary)
Esophageal (LES relaxed)
Soft palate is elevated + retracted to prevent
nasopharingeal reflux
a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting
tube from the mouth to the anus
THE GI TRACT
solid organs of the digestive
system.
liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder a
3 parts of the small intestines (in order)
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
large intestine includes the
appendix, cecum,
colon, and rectum.
finger-shaped pouch attached to
the cecum.
e appendix
Bacteria in your GI tract, also called
gut flora or
microbiome,
*Parts of your _____________ and ______ also help. Working
together, nerves, hormones, bacteria, blood, and the
organs of your digestive system
nervous and circulatory
amylase
Starch to sugar
Protease
Proteins to Amino Acids
Lipase
Lipids to fatty acids + glycerol
nuclease
Nucleic acids to nucleotides
pH of Gastric Acid
1.0-3.5
mixing wave inside the stomach which force the
chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.
CHURNING MOTION
protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin
B12
INTRINSIC FACTOR
GASTRIC ACID
● is made of
f HCL, Potassium Cl, Sodium Cl
from ingestion of food to terminal ileum
how many hours?
4
food to rectum? how many hours
12 hrs
Exocrine cells secretes? (pancreas)
Buffers and Digestive enzymes
Storage and concentration of bile
Gallbladder
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials
Large intestines
Process of Digestion
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Cause of ORAL DYSBIOSIS
poor oral hygiene
● dietary habits
● Smoking
● gingival inflammation
● genetic difference
cause stomach ulcers can migrate to
your mouth and affects gum tissues.
*H. pylori bacteria
type of yeast infection that develops inside your
mouth and tongue.
OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS
(ORAL THRUSH)
Causes of OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS
Cancer
- HIV/AIDS
- Smoke/tobacco and alcohol
- Antibiotics or corticosteroids, including inhaled corticosteroids
- Medications that cause dry mouth
Management of Oral thrush
OAUT
Oral hygiene, Oral wash/ mouthwash
● Antibiotics/ antifungal medications (Fluconazole,
Nystatin, Gentian violet)
● Use warm saltwater oral rinses.
● Take probiotics.
Type of Dysphagia that has difficulty initiating swallowing
Orophrayngeal Dysphagia
Type of Dysphagia that is not associated with anatomic abnormalities or injury
Functional dysphagia
Type of Dysphagia that cause by neurodegenerative, motor neuron disease, damage to the CNS
Neuromuscular symptom complex
Type of Dysphagia that has difficulty passing down the esophagus
Esophageal dysphagia
Causes of Dysphagia
SMG
stroke, head injury, or dementia.
- mouth cancer or oesophageal cancer.
- gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS
GERD
● Motility disorders
● Esophagitis (infection, chemicals, pills)
● Neurological disorders
● Skeletal muscle disorders
● Varices
● Mallory-Weiss sy.
● Barrett’s
● Tumors
a rare disorder thath makes it difficult to swallow connecting to mouth and stomach (where LES does not relax)
Achalasia Cardia
Causes of Achalasia Cardia
Smooth muscle diseases (scleroderma).
● Intrinsic nervous system
(scleroderma)
Smooth muscle diseases
Cause of Chagas Disease (infection)
Tripanosoma Cruzi infection
Burning retrosternal pain radiating upward due to
exposure of the oesophagus to acid.
HEARTBURN: OESOPHAGITIS
Oesophagitis: Endoscopically demonstrated damage
to the?
to the oesophageal mucosa.
a tear or laceration of the mucous
membrane, most commonly at the point where the
esophagus and the stomach meet
MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME
esophagus and the stomach meet
(gastroesophageal
junction).
Cause and result of MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME
incomplete teas that affects mucosa and submucosa that results to HEMATEMESIS
LES Opened causes damage to esophagus
BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS
SYMPTOMS:
● Heartburn
● Chest pain
● Throat pain
● Nausea
● Halitosis
● Burning sensations
● Bad taste in the mouth
GASTROESOPHAGEAL RENAX DISORDER (GERD)
Protective measures can be taken in order to prevent (GERD)
enamel
erosion
Protective measures can be taken in order to prevent enamel
erosion, including (GERD)
PFM
Prescription oral rinses
● Fluoride treatments
● More frequent dental hygiene visits
A Ring and B ring
A ring - Muscular Ring
B ring - Schatzki ring
proximal or distal
● congenital or secondary to GERD
SCHATZKI’S RING
upper E web
● dysphagia
Iron def
PLUMMER VINSON SYNDROME
SYMPTOMS IF DIAMETER (RINGS AND WEB)
< 13 MM
intermittent dysphagia for solid food
● sudden:
“steak house syndrome”
CAUSES:
● H. Pylori
● NSAIDS
● Mental stress
● Smoking
● Alcohol
● Genetics
PEPTIC ULCERS
enlarged veins in the tube that
connects the throat and stomach
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Watchout for signs/symptoms of (for esophageal varices)
BLEEDING Varices
what are the 6 salivary glands
two parotid glands, two submandibular glands, and two sublingual glands.
Bile contributes to digestion by
breaking up large fat globules, a process known as
emulsification.
is a green, pear-shaped sac about 10 cm
or 4 in. long t
GALL
BLADDER i
can block the flow of fluid
through the bile ducts
gallstones
Signs of a gallstone attack include
nausea, vomiting,
or pain in the abdomen, back, or just under the right
arm.
pancreatic juice, a mix of
digestive enzymes, water, buffers (bicarbonates), and
electrolytes
pancreatic juice, a mix of
digestive enzymes, water, buffers (bicarbonates), and
electrolytes produced by
acinar and epithelial cells.
Pancreatic juice drains through the main pancreatic duct called?
(duct of Wirsung)
