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10- SA- Abdominal, Oral and Rectal Disease > Gastrointestinal disease in birds and reptiles > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal disease in birds and reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

List the main differences between a reptile and dog clinical exam

A

reptiles have thin abdominal muscle- palpate organs easily
head and mouth exam very important
faecal analysis is routine
look for metabolic bone disease

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2
Q

List the main differences between a bird and dog clinical exam

A

Observe the bird first before handling it.
Careful handling, do not restrict rib cage.
Look at droppings in travel cage.
Limited celomic palpation due to large ribcage

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3
Q

List 2 clinical signs in birds that suggest GI issue- specific to them

A

enlarged crop
fluffed up

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4
Q

List 4 clinical signs in reptiles that suggest GI issue- specific to them

A

Heat seeking
stomatitis - inflammation of mm in the mouth
prolapses
body swelling (snakes)

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5
Q

T/F vomiting is very common in birds

A

False
- regurgitation very common - can be normal or indication of disease

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6
Q

What regurgitation is normal in birds

A

courtship behaviour
physiological cast formation
crop milk feeding
fear excitement

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7
Q

List 8 common causes of GI disease in reptiles

A

husbandry
bacterial
viral
endoparasites
protozoa
neoplasia
impactions/obstructions
prolapses

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8
Q

List 7 husbandry causes of GI issues in reptiles

A

Inappropriate temp
dehydration
inappropriate or excessive quantities of food
excessive handling after a meal - snake
Ingestion of substrate and foreign material
Overcrowding/mixing of species
Poor hygiene

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9
Q

what is cryptosporidium

A

protozoa

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10
Q

What signs do we see if cryptosporidium infects the stomach

A

vomiting
weight loss
hypertrophic gastritis

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11
Q

What signs do we see if cryptosporidium infects the small intestines

A

diarrhea, passing undigested food and weight loss.

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12
Q

describe how to treat cryptospordium in snakes and lizards

A

no effectivhe treatment

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13
Q

how is inclusion body disease spread in snakes

A

mites

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14
Q

what clinical signs are seen in Boas with inclusion body disease

A

regurgitation
slow wasting
neuro signs

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15
Q

List the clinical signs seen if pythons become infected with inclusion body disease

A

rapid acute death

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16
Q

which reptile does adenovirus generally affect

A

bearded dragons (usually juveniles)

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17
Q

what signs does adenovirus cause in bearded dragons

A

anorexia
d+
wasting
neuro signs

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18
Q

what do tortoises generally eat which causes foreign bodies

A

white objects like stones

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19
Q

List 5 things pathological hepatic lipidosis often secondary to

A

Poor husbandry and diet
Improper or lack of hibernation
Bacterial infection
Parasitism
NSHP
POOS - pre-ovulatory ovarian stasis etc..

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20
Q

List the common GIT conditions in birds

A

Crop impactions and infections
Foreign body/lower GI obstruction
Systemic infection
endoparasites dietary changes
GI infection/enteritis
liver disease
neoplasia
antibiotic overuse

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21
Q

list 7 causes of abnormal regurgitation in birds

A

iatrogenic
organomegaly
infectious cause
obstructive GI tract
Crop stasis +/- infection
plants
toxicity

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22
Q

list 3 plants that can cause regurgitation in birds

A

yew
rhododendron
avocado

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23
Q

How does crop stasis present

A

regurgitation
delayed crop emptying
sour odour
inappetence
dehydration
lethargy

24
Q

what is sour crop

A

can be a primary crop infection, or most commonly crop stasis complicated by secondary bacterial and/or fungal infection.

25
Q

describe normal crop fill

A

empty crop in morning
crop gets more full as they eat during the day
late afternoon- full crop
then it empty’s overnight

26
Q

what are the 3 part of the cloaca

A

proctodeum
urodeum
coprodeum

27
Q

what is haematochezia

A

passing blood from cloaca

28
Q

where can Haematochezia be from

A

cloaca itself
GI tract
urinary tract
repro tract

so need to work up appropriately

29
Q

list 4 possible causes of Haematochezia

A

Egg-laying problems
Cloacal papillomas or neoplasia or ulcers
Infectious enteritis
Heavy metal toxicity (kidneys)

30
Q

what can rectal prolapses be due to in birds

A

enteritis
parasites - linked to straining

31
Q

what is stomatitis

A

inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth

32
Q

list 5 differentials of stomatitis in birds

A

Candida (yeast)
Bacterial
Capillariasis (endoparasite)
Trichomoniasis (flagellated protozoa)
Viral e.g. pox virus (wet form), pigeon herpesvirus

33
Q

what is proventricular dilation disease caused by

A

a Bornavirus

34
Q

how does Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) cause disease

A

inflam disease of GI and neuro systems (this doesn’t allow nutrients to be digested
–> increased size of proventriculus
progressive, fatal conditions

35
Q

describe the treatment of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD)

A

no known treatment

36
Q

what is a strong indication of liver disease in birds

A

Biliverdinuria- green colouration of urate fractions of the excreta

37
Q

List the common causes of liver diseas in birds

A

bacteria
virus
protozoa
parasites
toxins
hepatic lipidosis - common in obese birds
amyloidosis - due to long term inflammation
neoplasia

38
Q

what does radiography allow you to see in birds

A

foreign bodies, organ enlargment, tumours
contrast medium useful in birds and reptiles

39
Q

what do you need to consider when doing contrast radiography in reptiles

A

need to take x-rays over a few days because it passes so slowely through them

40
Q

what can haem and biochem be useful for in birds and reptiles

A

inflam process/ infection
organ damage
can be normal despite pathology of the GIT
Can help determine severity and help stabilise e.g. dehydration

41
Q

what can crop testing be used to diagnose

A

trichomonas
candida

42
Q

list the liver enzymes in birds

A

GLDH
bile acids
(AST, LDH)- not liver specific

43
Q

which liver enzymes are liver specific in reptiles

A

none
LDH/ALT/ALP/GGT all widely distributed.

44
Q

which liver enzymes are liver specific in rabbits

A

GGT more specific than ALT and ALP.- opposite to dogs and cats

45
Q

what opiod should be used in reptiles

A

morphine (buprenorphine)

46
Q

what opiod do we use in birds

A

butorphanol

47
Q

describe supportie care for GI disease in birds and reptiles

A

analgesia
fluids
warmth for all species (POTZ if a reptile)
tube feeding birds and reptiles (high protein recovery diet)
liver supplements

48
Q

List the liver supplements we can use in reptiles and birds

A

Lactulose
thyroxin
SAM-e
sylmarin
L-carnitine

(dog/cat liver supplements)

49
Q

describe how we can prevent sour crop

A

use apple cider vinegar in drinking water (5-20ml per litre).
but is not a treatment

50
Q

why should we not use ivermectin in chelonians

A

TOXIC

51
Q

list 4 GIT conditions which don’t require treatment in birds and reptiles

A
  • Salmonella in reptiles
  • Cryptosporidium in reptiles.
  • PDD in birds
  • With chickens where there isn’t a licensed treatment in a food producing animal (supportive treatment only)- supportive treatment only
52
Q

List 4 examples when surgery may be needed in birds/ reptile GIT conditions

A

FB/ impaction removal
Persistent or severe prolapses.
Surgical biopsies
Endoscopic visualisation e.g. stomach ulcers, growths.

53
Q

how long do we starve birds before GA

A

only for crop emptying (budgie ~ 1 hr, parrot ~ 3 hrs)

54
Q

How long do we starve reptiles before a GA

A

24-72 hours but often not necessary (if need surgery generally anorexic already- so no need to actively starve)

55
Q

what can feeding seeds to parrots cause

A

Long term seed-based diets can cause obesity, liver damage and nutritional deficiencies.

56
Q

describe how to change parrot diet

A

For parrots, make diet changes very slowly or use crop feeds whilst they adapt to the new diet. - takes 6 months to a year
if they become anorexic, hyperlipaemia can kill them quickly

10- SA- Abdominal, Oral and Rectal Disease (19 decks)

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