Gastrointestinal Conditions Flashcards
Name the proton pump inhibitors
Omeprazole
Esomeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole
Lansoprazole
Name an antacid
Aluminium hydroxide
Name the H2 antagonists
Nizatidine
What are the drug classes of antiemetics?
Dopamine antagonists
5HT3 antagonists
Substance P antagonists
Antihistamines
Name the Dopamine antagonist drugs used for gastric motility and antiemetics
Domperidone
Droperidol
Metoclopramide
Prochllorperazine
Name the 5HT3 antagonist drugs used as antiemetics
Granisetron
Ondansetron
Palonosetron
Tropisetron
Name the histamine receptor antagonist drugs used as antiemetics
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Cyclizine
Promethazine
Name the drugs prescribed for peptic ulcer disease and why they are prescribed
Amoxicillin: It blocks cell wall synthesis of the H. Pylori
Clarithromycin: It blocks protein synthesis of H. Pylori and is acid resistant
Esomeprazole and Omeprazole: Reduces acid secretion into stomach thus stabilising Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin.
Name the drugs used for constipation
Stool softeners: Docusate, liquid paraffin, Poloxamer
Stimulant laxatives: Bisacodyl, Senna, Sodium Picosulfate
Osmotic laxatives: Glycerol, Lactulose, Macrogol laxatives, Saline laxatives, Sorbitol
Bulk-forming laxatives: psyllium
Methylnaltrexone
Prucalopride
Name the opioid antidiarrhoeals
Diphenoxylate
Loperamide
What drugs are used for inflammatory bowel disease?
Corticosteroids: Budesonide, Hydrocortisone (rectal), Prednisolone (rectal)
5-Aminosalicylates: Balsalazide, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Sulfasalazine
What is Gastroparesis? What are the symptoms?
A disorder of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of physical obstruction.
Causes: idiopathic, diabetes, post-surgery, and malgnancies
Symptoms: nausea, abdominal pain, anorexia, early satiety, vomiting, post-cibal fullness, and weight loss.
What is Dyspepsia? What are the symptoms?
Recurring indigestion with no obvious causes.
Associated with IBS, alcohol consumption, smoking and NSAID use.
Symptoms: post-cibal bloating, indigestion, pain, excessive belching, nausea and early fullness.
What is Gastritis? What are the symptoms?
Inflammation of the stomach lining associated with H. Pylori infection, alcohol consumption, NSAID use, and smoking.
Can occur from an autoimmune condition: Crohn’s, caeliac, and Hashimotto’s diseases.
Symptoms: indigestion, vomiting, nausea, pain, excessive belching, post-cibal bloating, and early fullness.
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease? What are the symptoms?
Repeated acid reflux where contents of the stomach flow back up the Oesophagus. It’s caused by a loss of resting tone in the lower oesophageal sphincter. Main symptom is repeated acid reflux.
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease? What are the symptoms?
Presence of open, inflamed sores in the lining of the stomach. Indigestion, heartburn and nausea are common symptoms. Caused by infection of H. Pylori bacteria.
What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?
They are non-competitive inhibitors for the H+/K+ ATPase that pumps H+ into the stomach from parietal cells. The action of inhibiting these transporters lowers the acidity of the stomach.
What is the mechanism of action of H2 antagonists?
Competitively blocks H2 receptors of parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion.
What is the mechanism of action of Dopamine antagonists? What are possible adverse effects?
Inhibition of dopaminergic D2 receptors in the postrema leads to inhibition of vomiting.
AE: akathisia, tremor, dyskinesia and drug induced Parkinsonism
akathisia=restlessness, dyskinesia=involuntary movement
What is the mechanism of action of 5HT3 antagonists? What are possible adverse effects?
Blocks 5HT3 receptors in vagus nerve terminal, emetic centre, and CTZ -> blocking
AE: constipation, headache, dizziness, prolonged QT interval.
CTZ = central trigger zone
What is the mechanism of action of histamine receptor antagonists as antiemetics? What are possible adverse effects?
Blocks H1 receptors in emetic areas, also antimuscarinic activity.
AE: sedation, psychomotor impairment, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision, mydriasis, dry eyes, constipation, dry mouth, and urinary retention
What is the mechanism of action of opioid antidiarrhoeals? What are possible adverse effects?
activate opioid receptors in the gut wall, decreasing bowel motility, and increasing fluid absorption.
AE: abdominal pain and bloating, nausea, vomiting and constipation
