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G11 Biology > Gaseous Exchange > Flashcards

Gaseous Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is breathing?

A

Mechanical process where air moves in and out of the lungs.

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2
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The exchange of 02 and CO2 across a gaseous exchange surface.

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Chemical process which takes place inside cells in order to release energy.

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4
Q

Why is cellular respiration necessary?

A

Making oxygen from the atmosphere available to cells for respiration.
Removing CO2 which can dangerously lower body fluid pH levels.

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5
Q

What are the requirements for an effective gaseous exchange surface?

A

Large, thin, moist, transport system, well protected.

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6
Q

Name the three parts of the human respiratory system.

A

Air passages, lungs and respiratory muscles.

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7
Q

Which air passages carry air to and from the lungs?

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioli.

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8
Q

What separates the two nasal cavities?

A

Septum.

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9
Q

What is the function of the small hairs in the nasal cavities?

A

Filter larger particles.

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10
Q

What divides each nasal cavity into three passages?

A

Three curved curved turbinate bones.

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11
Q

What does the mucous membrane in the nasal cavities consist of?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells.

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12
Q

What is supplied to the columnar epithelial cells to warm to the air?

A

Superficial blood capillaries.

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13
Q

What in the columnar epithelium secretes musus?

A

Goblet cells.

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14
Q

What is the function of mucus from the giblet cells?

A

Traps germs/dust, is an antiseptic and moistens the incoming air to keep the gaseous exchange surface moist.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Continuously perform sweeping movements away from the lungs, expelling dust-carrying mucus.

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16
Q

What does the nasal cavity open into?

A

The pharynx.

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17
Q

Which two openings does the pharynx lead to?

A

The glottis, which is the opening to the trachea, and the opening leading to the oesophagus.

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18
Q

Describe the trachea’s structure.

A

Long, tubular structure (12cm) located in front of the oesophagus.

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19
Q

What houses the vocal cords at the top of the trachea?

A

The larynx.

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20
Q

What is the shape and material of the larynx?

A

Triangular box made of cartilage.

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21
Q

What is the thin, leaf shaped cartilage structure at the top of the larynx?

A

the epiglottis.

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22
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Closes the glottis during the swallowing process to prevent food entering the trachea.

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23
Q

What reinforces the trachea and keeps it open?

A

C-shaped cartilage rings.

24
Q

Why are the openings of the C-shaped rings faced toward the back?

A

To allow the oesophagus to expand as food goes past it.

25
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

Mucus membrane of ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus.

26
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Left and right bronchus leading to the left and right lung.

27
Q

What holds open the bronchi?

A

O-shaped cartilage rings.

28
Q

Are the bronchi lined with a mucous membrane?

A

Yes.

29
Q

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles are smaller and have no cartilage rings.

30
Q

What do bronchioli end in?

A

An infundibulum (lung sacs) which consists of groups of alveoli.

31
Q

How many pairs of ribs protect the lungs?

A

12.

32
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles?

A

Between the ribs.

33
Q

How many lobes do our lungs have?

A

Right lung - 3. Left lung - 2.

34
Q

Describe the consistency of the lungs.

A

Spongy and elastic.

35
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The double membrane surrounding each lung.

36
Q

What prevents friction when the lungs shrink and contract?

A

Intrapleural fluid between the two pleural membranes.

37
Q

What do the lungs rest on?

A

A dome shaped muscle - the diaphragm.

38
Q

Describe the walls of the alveoli.

A

Very thin and consisting of a single layer of squamous epithelium.

39
Q

What surrounds the alveoli?

A

A network of capillaries.

40
Q

What do the capillaries consist of?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelium.

41
Q

What is the muscle plate that separates the chest and abdomen to form an airtight thoracic cavity?

A

The diaphragm.

42
Q

Name the two sets of intercostal muscles.

A

External and internal intercostal muscles.

43
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxthaemoglobin or it dissolves in the blood plasma.

44
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

It combines with water to farm carbonic acid and then dissociates to form bicarbonate atoms or combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglibin or it dissolves in the blood plasma.

45
Q

What is the inhaled vs exhaled composition of Nitrogen?

A

Inhaled 78%.

Exhaled 78%.

46
Q

What is the inhaled vs exhaled composition of Oxygen?

A

Inhaled 21%.

Exhaled 15%.

47
Q

What is the inhaled vs exhaled composition of CO2?

A

Inhaled 0,04%.

Exhaled 4%.

48
Q

What is the inhaled vs exhaled composition of water vapour?

A

Inhaled varies and exhaled is sturated.

49
Q

Where are the cardiovascular centrea and the respiratory centre in the brain?

A

In the medulla oblangata.

50
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

The total air that the lungs can accommodate.

51
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing.

52
Q

What is the additional air that can be inhaled after normal normal inhilation?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume.

53
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation.

54
Q

What is the vital lung capacity?

A

The two reserve volumes as well as the tidal volume.

55
Q

What is the air in the lungs that is never exhaled called?

A

Risidual volume.

56
Q

What in the wall of the aorta and the base of the jugular arteries senses changes in CO2 concentration in the blood?

A

Chemoreceptors.

57
Q

Where do the chemoreceptors send nerve impulses?

A

The respiratory and cardiovascular centres.

G11 Biology (6 decks)

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