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G11 Biology > Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic

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2
Q

What are the 5 main processes in nutrition?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

The food is taken in and enters the alimentary canal

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4
Q

Define digestion

A

Food is changed from a solid, insoluble substance to a simpler, soluble one through mechanical and chemical processes

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5
Q

Define absorption

A

The end product of digestion is absorbed into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Define assimilation

A

Cells absorb nutrients from the blood and use them to build new cell structures and compounds

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7
Q

Define egestion

A

The process of removing undigested remains from the body in the form of faeces

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8
Q

Why is food necessary?

A

Food provides energy, allows growth and repair of damaged tissues and allows the regulation of body processes

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9
Q

What are the three groups defined by what type of food they eat?

A

Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores

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10
Q

Which group (herbivores/carnivores) have long canines?

A

Carnivores

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11
Q

True or false:

Herbivores need to ingest large amounts of food

A

True

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12
Q

The human digestive system consists of what two parts?

A

The alimentary canal and the accessory organs

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13
Q

Is the small intestine a part of the alimentary canal or the accessory organs?

A

Alimentary canal

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14
Q

Which organs make up the accessory organs?

A

Tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

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15
Q

Which organs make up the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth and mouth cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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16
Q

What is the mouth cavity lined with?

A

A mucous membrane

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17
Q

What is the function of the uvula?

A

Closing the nasal cavity when swallowing

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18
Q

The mouth cavity begins mechanical digestion by breaking down larger food particles into smaller ones and doing what else?

A

Mixing it with saliva

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19
Q

What does the back of the mouth cavity open into?

A

The pharynx

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20
Q

What two openings does the pharynx lead to?

A

The oesophagus and the trachea

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21
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

It is the common passage for food and air from the mouth to the trachea and oesophagus

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22
Q

Name the hollow, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

The oesophagus

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23
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Muscles in the oesophagus wall are responsible for peristaltic movements which push the food bolus forward

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24
Q

What is the sickle-shaped, sac-like organ just below the diaphragm?

A

The stomach

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25
Q

Describe the stomach wall

A

Thick and muscular

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26
Q

What closes the top of the stomach (opening to the oesophagus)?

A

The cardiac sphincter

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27
Q

What closes the lower end of the stomach (opening to the small intestine)?

A

The pyloric sphincter

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28
Q

What are the two functions of the stomach?

A

Muscular walls create churning movements which assist with physical digestion and mix food with gastric juices
Glands in stomach wall secrete gastric juices for digestion

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29
Q

What is chyme?

A

The semi-solid state in which food leaves the stomach

30
Q

Describe the small intestine

A

Long, muscular tube

Approx. 5 to 6m

31
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

They produce and secrete saliva via ducts

32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

33
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine wall?

A

The serous membrane, a muscle layer, the submucosa and the mucosa

34
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

The outer connective tissue layer of the small intestine wall

35
Q

What are the two layers of the muscle layer of the small intestine wall?

A

Outer longitudinal muscle layer

Inner circular muscle layer

36
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

A layer of connective tiddie with blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and glands

37
Q

Describe the mucosa

A

The innermost layer of the small intestine

Has transverse folds, each covered in millions of finger-like projections called villi

38
Q

What are the three parts of the colon/large intestine?

A

Caecum, colon and rectum

39
Q

Describe the caecum

A

Sac-like structure where large intestine connects to the small intestine
Small appendage is attached called the appendix

40
Q

Describe the colon

A

Largest part of the large intestine

Includes ascending, transverse and descending colon

41
Q

Describe the rectum

A

Last muscular portion of the colon

Ends with the anus (opening to the outside)

42
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Mucus secretion (aids egestion)
Absorption of water and certain useful substances
Temporary storage of waste before egestion through the anus

43
Q

Name the muscular organ, the back of which is attached to the mouth floor

A

Tongue

44
Q

Name the muscular organ, the back of which is attached to the mouth floor

A

Tongue

45
Q

What are the papillae?

A

Small projections on the tongue where taste buds occur

46
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Serves as taste organ

Helps with chewing, swallowing, bolus formation and mixing food with saliva

47
Q

What are the 4 type of teeth humans have?

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

48
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A
  1. 1.2.3
    - ——
  2. 1.2.3
49
Q

How many molars do humans have?

A

12

50
Q

Into what part of the alimentary canal do the salivary glands open?

A

Mouth cavity

51
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid salivary glands (below the ears)
Submandibular salivary glands (in lower jaw)
Sublingual salivary glands (under tongue)

52
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Tongue shaped organ just below the stomach

53
Q

What two types of cells make up the pancreas?

A

Normal pancreatic cells

Islets of Langerhans

54
Q

Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon?

A

Islets of Langerhans

55
Q

Through which duct is pancreatic juice transported?

A

The pancreatic duct

56
Q

Which two ducts open into the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct

Common bike duct

57
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

Both

58
Q

Which type of pancreas cells act with an endocrine function?

A

Islets of Langerhans

59
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Secretes pancreatic juice with enzymes which play a role in digestion
Secretes insulin and glucagon which control blood glucose levels

60
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Just below the diaphragm

61
Q

Which one of the accessory organs is not a gland?

A

The tongue

62
Q

Describe the lobes of the liver

A

Right - large

Left - smaller

63
Q

What are the lobes of the liver made of?

A

Ting lobules that are made up of liver cells

64
Q

What do liver cells produce?

A

Bile

65
Q

Name the duct that carries bike from the liver

A

Common hepatic duct

66
Q

Which two ducts join to form the common bile duct?

A

Common hepatic duct

Cystic duct

67
Q

Which two ducts open into the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct

Common bike duct

68
Q

What is deamination?

A

Process where excess amino acid is broken down to form urea and glucose in the liver

69
Q

What is an example of a detoxifying organ?

A

The liver

70
Q

Which accessory organ stores vitamins A, D, E, K and B12

A

The liver

71
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Storing and releasing bile produced in the liver

G11 Biology (6 decks)

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