Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Heterotrophic
What are the 5 main processes in nutrition?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion
Define ingestion
The food is taken in and enters the alimentary canal
Define digestion
Food is changed from a solid, insoluble substance to a simpler, soluble one through mechanical and chemical processes
Define absorption
The end product of digestion is absorbed into the bloodstream
Define assimilation
Cells absorb nutrients from the blood and use them to build new cell structures and compounds
Define egestion
The process of removing undigested remains from the body in the form of faeces
Why is food necessary?
Food provides energy, allows growth and repair of damaged tissues and allows the regulation of body processes
What are the three groups defined by what type of food they eat?
Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
Which group (herbivores/carnivores) have long canines?
Carnivores
True or false:
Herbivores need to ingest large amounts of food
True
The human digestive system consists of what two parts?
The alimentary canal and the accessory organs
Is the small intestine a part of the alimentary canal or the accessory organs?
Alimentary canal
Which organs make up the accessory organs?
Tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
Which organs make up the alimentary canal?
Mouth and mouth cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
What is the mouth cavity lined with?
A mucous membrane
What is the function of the uvula?
Closing the nasal cavity when swallowing
The mouth cavity begins mechanical digestion by breaking down larger food particles into smaller ones and doing what else?
Mixing it with saliva
What does the back of the mouth cavity open into?
The pharynx
What two openings does the pharynx lead to?
The oesophagus and the trachea
What is the function of the pharynx?
It is the common passage for food and air from the mouth to the trachea and oesophagus
Name the hollow, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
The oesophagus
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Muscles in the oesophagus wall are responsible for peristaltic movements which push the food bolus forward
What is the sickle-shaped, sac-like organ just below the diaphragm?
The stomach
Describe the stomach wall
Thick and muscular
What closes the top of the stomach (opening to the oesophagus)?
The cardiac sphincter
What closes the lower end of the stomach (opening to the small intestine)?
The pyloric sphincter
What are the two functions of the stomach?
Muscular walls create churning movements which assist with physical digestion and mix food with gastric juices
Glands in stomach wall secrete gastric juices for digestion
What is chyme?
The semi-solid state in which food leaves the stomach
Describe the small intestine
Long, muscular tube
Approx. 5 to 6m
What is the function of the salivary glands?
They produce and secrete saliva via ducts
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
What are the layers of the small intestine wall?
The serous membrane, a muscle layer, the submucosa and the mucosa
What is the serous membrane?
The outer connective tissue layer of the small intestine wall
What are the two layers of the muscle layer of the small intestine wall?
Outer longitudinal muscle layer
Inner circular muscle layer
Describe the submucosa
A layer of connective tiddie with blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and glands
Describe the mucosa
The innermost layer of the small intestine
Has transverse folds, each covered in millions of finger-like projections called villi
What are the three parts of the colon/large intestine?
Caecum, colon and rectum
Describe the caecum
Sac-like structure where large intestine connects to the small intestine
Small appendage is attached called the appendix
Describe the colon
Largest part of the large intestine
Includes ascending, transverse and descending colon
Describe the rectum
Last muscular portion of the colon
Ends with the anus (opening to the outside)
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Mucus secretion (aids egestion)
Absorption of water and certain useful substances
Temporary storage of waste before egestion through the anus
Name the muscular organ, the back of which is attached to the mouth floor
Tongue
Name the muscular organ, the back of which is attached to the mouth floor
Tongue
What are the papillae?
Small projections on the tongue where taste buds occur
What are the functions of the tongue?
Serves as taste organ
Helps with chewing, swallowing, bolus formation and mixing food with saliva
What are the 4 type of teeth humans have?
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
What is the human dental formula?
- 1.2.3
- —— - 1.2.3
How many molars do humans have?
12
Into what part of the alimentary canal do the salivary glands open?
Mouth cavity
What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid salivary glands (below the ears)
Submandibular salivary glands (in lower jaw)
Sublingual salivary glands (under tongue)
Describe the pancreas
Tongue shaped organ just below the stomach
What two types of cells make up the pancreas?
Normal pancreatic cells
Islets of Langerhans
Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon?
Islets of Langerhans
Through which duct is pancreatic juice transported?
The pancreatic duct
Which two ducts open into the duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
Common bike duct
Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland?
Both
Which type of pancreas cells act with an endocrine function?
Islets of Langerhans
What are the functions of the pancreas?
Secretes pancreatic juice with enzymes which play a role in digestion
Secretes insulin and glucagon which control blood glucose levels
Where is the liver located?
Just below the diaphragm
Which one of the accessory organs is not a gland?
The tongue
Describe the lobes of the liver
Right - large
Left - smaller
What are the lobes of the liver made of?
Ting lobules that are made up of liver cells
What do liver cells produce?
Bile
Name the duct that carries bike from the liver
Common hepatic duct
Which two ducts join to form the common bile duct?
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Which two ducts open into the duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
Common bike duct
What is deamination?
Process where excess amino acid is broken down to form urea and glucose in the liver
What is an example of a detoxifying organ?
The liver
Which accessory organ stores vitamins A, D, E, K and B12
The liver
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Storing and releasing bile produced in the liver
