Gas Exchange (in plants and insects) Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 major adaptations do gas exchange surfaces have?

A

Large surface area
Thin
Maintained concentration gradient

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2
Q

What system do fish use for gas exchange?

A

Counter-current system

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3
Q

Where does water enter and leave fish?

A

Enters through mouth, leaves via gills

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4
Q

Gills have thin plates attached to them, what are they called?

A

Gill filaments

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5
Q

What are the tiny structures on gill filaments called?

A

Lamellae

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6
Q

How are lamellae adapted to increase rate of diffusion?

A

Lots of capillaries - maintain concentration gradient

They also increase surface area

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7
Q

How does the counter current system maximise gas exchange?

A

Maintains large concentration gradient

Concentration of oxygen in water is higher than in blood- maximum diffusion

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8
Q

In insects air enters through pores on their surface. What are the pores called?

A

Spiracles

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9
Q

What are the microscopic air filled pipes which insects use for gas exchange?

A

Tracheae

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10
Q

In insects, tracheae branch into smaller pipes called tracheoles. How are the tracheoles adapted for gas exchange?

A

They have thin permeable walls

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11
Q

How do insects move air in and out of spiracles?

A

By rhythmic abdominal movements

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12
Q

What are the pores in plants which allow gas exchange to happen and which cells control their opening?

A

Stomata and guard cells

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13
Q

Where are stomata found on leaves?

A

Lower epidermis

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14
Q

How do guard cells close stomata?

A

Water is lost from guard cell when plant is dehydrated. Causes the guard cells to become flaccid

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15
Q

How do guard cells open stomata?

A

Plant is hydrated, water enter guard cells and makes them turgid (keeps stomata open)

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16
Q

What are xerophytes?

A

Plants that live in a habitat where water loss is a problem (e.g. Warm, dry, windy habitats)

17
Q

Give examples of xerophytic adaptations

A

Stomata in pits (trap moist air)
Layer of hair on the epidermis (trap moist air)
Curled leaves with stomata inside (prevent wind getting to stomata)
Reduced number of stomata
Waxy, waterproof cuticles