Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Plant cell walls contain channels for exchanging substances. What are these channels called?

A

Plasmodesmata

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2
Q

What are plant cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

Name three organelles plant cells have but animal cells do not have

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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4
Q

Algal and fungal cells are very similar to plant cells, but fungal cells have two key differences to plant cells. What are they?

A

Fungal cell walls made of chitin not cellulose

They don’t have chloroplasts

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5
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cells activities (by controlling transcription of DNA)
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
The nucleolus makes ribosomes

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6
Q

Describe the function of Golgi apparatus

A

Process and package lipids and proteins

Make lysosomes

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7
Q

Describe the function of Golgi vehicle

A

Store and transport lipids and proteins

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8
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

Digest invading cells

Break down worn out components of cells

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9
Q

What do lysosomes contain that enables them to break down and digest cells?

A

Digestive enzymes (lysozymes)

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10
Q

Describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds and processes proteins which were made at the ribosomes

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11
Q

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise process lipids

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12
Q

Describe the function of cell wall

A

Supports the cell

Prevents cell changing shape

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13
Q

Describe the function of the cell vacuole?

A

Helps maintain pressure and keep cell rigid
Stops wilting
Isolates unwanted chemicals

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell

A
Cell wall made from murein
Plasmid (loops of DNA)
No membrane bound oranelles
Smaller ribosomes
Plasma membranes 
Slime capsule
Flagellum
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15
Q

Describe the DNA in prokaryotes

A

Plasmids - small loops of DNA
Free floating circular DNA
Coiled with no histone proteins

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells replicate by binary fission. Describe this process

A
Main DNA loop replicates once
Plasmids replicate multiple times
Cell gets bigger
DNA moves to opposite poles of cell
Cytoplasm divides and new cell wall forms
17
Q

Are the daughter cells of binary fission identical?

A

Not necessarily - both contain one copy of circular DNA but a variable number of plasmids

18
Q

Viruses are acellular. What does this mean?

A

They aren’t alive

They aren’t cells

19
Q

What are viruses?

A

Nucleic acids surrounded by protein

20
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A
No plasma membrane
No cytoplasm
No ribosomes 
Core genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Capsid (protein coat)
Attachment proteins
21
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Use their attachment proteins to bind to complementary receptors on host cells
Inject their genetic material into host
Hijack cell machinery and replicates the viral particles

22
Q

How do slime capsules benefit prokaryotes?

A

Protect them from being attacked by cells of the immune system