gas exchange + blood and heart Flashcards

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1
Q

key features of structures of lungs



A

Large surface area= faster diffusion of gases

Thin walls = short diffusion distances

Good blood supply = maintain a high concentration gradient

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2
Q

cillia and mucus

A

Cilia cells have tiny hairs - waft mucus up nasal p

mucus - made of goblet cells
+ traps particles/pathogens

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3
Q

features of alveoli

A

many alveoli = large SA:V

ventilation = mantains high level of oxy + low co2

thin/one cell thick= short diffusion distance

good blood supply = maintain conc gradient

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4
Q

ventilation :inhalation

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens

external intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs up and out

increasing volume of thorax

decreasing air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

Air is drawn in

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5
Q

ventillation:exhallation

A

The diaphragm relaxes it moves upwards back into its domed shape

external intercostal muscles relax so the ribs drop down and in

the decreasing volume of the thorax

increasing in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body

Air is forced out

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6
Q

smoking + gas exchange system effects e.g diseases

A

(COPD),
CHD
(lung) cancer

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7
Q

nic chemicals broken down + CM + Tar

A

nic:
narrows blood vessels = increased blood pressure/HR

CM:
forms carboxyhemoglobin + increase BP

Tar:
Carcingonegn
emphesyma
Damages cillia

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8
Q

emphysema + effects of reducing SA:V of alevoli

A

alveoli become less elastic and cannot stretch so many burst

tar reduces SA of alveoli + cant stretch and burst –> less gas exchange

  • Less gas exchange + less oxygen into blood + less aerobic respiration + less energy
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9
Q

phagocytes: non-specific immune function and structure of WBC’s

A

phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

release digestive enzymes to digest it

cell membrane, cytoplasm, irregular shape and lobed nucleus

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10
Q

RBC + WBC structure

A

biconcave disc
no nucleus + cell wall
protein- hemoglobin

has a lobed nucleus + irregular shape + cell memebrane
immune response

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11
Q

pathway of blood through the heart (oxygenated)

A

OB returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium

L atrium contracts - forces the blood through the bicuspid valve into left ventricle

L ventricle contracts - blood is forced through the semilunar valve and out through the aorta

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12
Q

pathway of blood through the heart (deoxygenated)

A

DB coming from the body flows through the vena cava and into the right atrium

R atrium contracts - blood is forced through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle

R ventricle contracts - blood is pushed through the semilunar valve into pulmonary artery

blood travels to the lungs + moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place

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13
Q

causes of CHD

A

layers of plaque build up inside the coronary arteries

formed from cholesterol

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14
Q

capillaries

A
  • Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
  • Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

walls that are one cell thick- short/efficient diffusion distance

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15
Q

fat deposit in heart causes…

A
  • becomes anerobic + less oxygen
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16
Q

CORMMS FOR GAS EXCHANGE PRACTICAL

A

C- student has exercised or not
O - same age/gender/size/general fitness
R - repeat several times to ensure our results are reliable
M1 - measure the change in breathing rate
M2 - …immediately after exercise and each minute for the subsequent 5 minutes
S1 - type of exercise carried out//the food intake/intensity

17
Q

arteries vs veins

A
  • thick muscular walls
  • narrow lumen
  • carry blood at high pressure
  • away from heart
  • thin walls
  • valves
  • low pressure
  • large lumen
  • toward heart
18
Q

importance of platlets

A
  • prevents blood loss
  • prevents entry of microorganisms/bacteria
  • preventing infection