Gas Exchange Basics

Question 1

What are the 8 Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations? and their characteristics.

Answer 1

1. Cough: a protective reflex that cleanses the lower airways by explosive expiration. ( acute or chronic)
2. Dyspnea: nostril flaring accessory muscles use, retraction more common in children
   Can become chronic
   Often occurs the 1st time with exercise
3. Chest Pain: can be sharp or stabbing when breathing could be pluera or muscle
4. Abnormal Sputum: changes in amount and consistency
5. Hemoptysis: coughing up blood
6. Altered Breathing Patterns
7. Cyanosis: caused by increase amounts of de saturated or reduced hemoglobin
8. Fever

Question 2

Orthopnea:

Answer 2

Dyspnea when laying down, usually sleeps propped up.

Question 3

Hypoventillation:

Answer 3

Inadequate alveolar ventillation r/t metabolic demands

Question 4

Hypercapnia:

Answer 4

Retaining Co2

Question 5

Hyperventilation:

Answer 5

Alveolar ventilation exceeding metabolic demands

Question 6

Hypocapnia:

Answer 6

a state of reduced carbon dioxide in blood

Question 7

Clubbing:

Answer 7

bulbous enlargement of the end of a finger or toe- is associated with dz that cause chronic hypoxemia

Question 8

Hypoxemia:

Answer 8

abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood

Question 9

Hypoxia:

Answer 9

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

Question 10

Aspiration:

Answer 10

passage of fluid or solid particles into the lung

Question 11

Atelectasis:

Answer 11

collapse of lung tissue

Question 12

Early signs of Hypoxia:
RAT

Answer 12

Restlessness,
Tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, increased agitation, diaphoresis, retraction, altered loc

Question 13

Late signs of Hypoxia:
BED

Answer 13

Cyanosis, exteme restlessness, bradycardia
dypsnea severe

Question 14

Chronic signs of hypoxia:

Answer 14

Nail Clubbing