CVPV

Question 1

What could be causing the blood to not be flowing where it needs to go?

Answer 1

1. Blockage
2. Clot
3. Vasoconstriction
4. Stretched out Veins

Question 2

How is the heart being an effective pump?

Answer 2

1. Is it generating a good cardiac output (the quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a min)
2. Are the organs being perfused
   ** The lower the cardiac output, the poorer the perfusion to organs and extremities.

Question 3

What could be causing the heart to not be pumping effectively?

Answer 3

1. Ischemic/ Infarct Tissues
2. Heart Failure
3. Valve Problems

Question 4

(HTN Guidelines)
Elevated:
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
HTN Crisis:

Answer 4

Elevated: Systolic between 120-129 and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg
Stage 1: Systolic between 130-139 or diastolic between 80-89 mm Hg
Stage 2: Systolic at least 140 or diastolic at least 90 mm Hg
HTN Crisis: Systolic over 180 and/or diastolic over 120

Question 5

What can cause secondary Hypertension?

Answer 5

1. Renal Vascular Disease
2. Valve Disorders
3. Sleep Apnea
4. Pregnancy
5. Thyroid Disorders
6. Drugs:
   - Oral contraceptives
   - Antihistamines
   - Corticosteriods

Question 6

What does continued HTN do to the blood vessel?

Answer 6

1. Hypertrophy: an increase and growth of muscle cells.
2. Hyperplasia: the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells
3. Inflammatory Response

Question 7

HTN Increased Risk Factors: 11

Answer 7

1. Family history
2. Increasing age
3. Cigarette smoking
4. Obesity
5. Heavy alcohol consumption
   6 .Black race
6. Men (early to middle adulthood)
7. Women (over 50yrs)
8. High dietary sodium intake
9. Low dietary intake of K+, Ca++, Mg++
10. Glucose intolerance

Question 8

S/S of hypertension: 7

Answer 8

1. Asymptomatic
2. Headache
3. Visual disturbances
4. Chest pain
5. Flushed face
6. Epistaxis: nose bleed
7. Dizziness

Question 9

What is complicated HTN?

Answer 9

Sustained Hypertension that has effects beyond hemodynamics.
** two major mechanisms of tissue damage:
- edema and ischemia

Question 10

Evaluation of HTN includes what?

Answer 10

Auscultation most accurate

Sit quietly at least 5 min

Arm at heart level

Appropriate sized cuff

Question 11

Treatment options for HTN?

Answer 11

1. Lifestyle modifications
2. Diet:
   
   • DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
3. Exercise
4. Moderate alcohol consumption

Question 12

Anti-hypertensive Drugs include what?

Answer 12

ACE Inhibitors
BETA Blockers
Calcium Antagonist

Question 13

ACE Inhibitors:

Answer 13

1. End in -PRIL
2. Capoten (CaptoPRIL)
3. Vasotec (EnalaPRIL)
4. Lotensin (BenazePRIL)

Question 14

Beta-Blockers:

Answer 14

1. End in OLOL
   2.

Question 15

Calcium Antagonists

Question 16

Alpha- Adrenergic Antagonists ( Alpha- Blockers)
Side Effects:

Answer 16

1. Orthostatic Hypo-tension
2. Vertigo
3. Tachycardia
4. Sexual Dysfunction
   EX: Doxazosin (Cardura)
   Prazosin (Minipress)