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gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 features of gas exchange systems ?

A
  • concentration gradient
  • large surface area : volume ratio
  • thin exchange surface
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2
Q

What are the adaptations for gas exchange system of insects ?

A
  • spiracles which open and close on either side
  • trachea which splits into tracheoles (lead to muscles)
  • tracheoles 1 cell thick, gases can diffuse across
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3
Q

What is the structure of a gill ?

A

gill filament with many lamella across it, attached by a gill arch

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4
Q

What is counter current gas exchange ?

A
  • Blood flow is opposite to water flow —> does not reach equilibrium, so constant concentration gradient
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5
Q

How does gas exchange happen in leaves ?

A
  • CO2 diffuses through the stomata and mitochondria
  • Guard cells open and close stomata
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6
Q

How does gas exchange happen in insects ?

A

Oxygen diffuses in spiracles, down concentration gradient, CO2 diffuses out (Water can also diffuse out)
Oxygen travels through trachea -> Tracheoles.
Muscles contracting causes ventilation

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7
Q

How does gas exchange happen in a single celled organism ?

A
  • Oxygen and nutrients diffuses out
  • Carbon Dioxide and waste diffuses out
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8
Q

What is the rate of diffusion ?

A

(surface area)(concentration difference) / distance

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9
Q

What are the adaptations of a xerophytic plant ?

A

Small surface area -> Less water loss
Less stomata -> Less water loss
Sunken stomata -> maintains humidity + wp -> less water loss
Rolled leaves -> “ “ “ “ “ “

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10
Q

How are the 3 features of gas exchange system kept in plants ?

A

constant concentration gradient -> CO2 constantly used by photosynthesis
large SA:Vol -> Flat leaves
Short diffusion distance -> CO2 in air pockets

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11
Q

How does gas exchange of oxygen and CO2 happen in humans ?

A

Oxygen -> trachea -> ronchus -> bronchioles -> alveolus -> alveoli

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12
Q

What special feature does the trachea have ?

A

Cartilage rings to keep open

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13
Q

What is the process of inhilation ?

A
  • External intercostal muscles contract -> internal relax
  • Ribcage moves up and out
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Increased area in thorax (lowers pressure)
  • Oxygen moves in down a pressure gradient
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14
Q

What is the process of exhilation ?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract -> external relax
  • Ribcage moves down and in
  • Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
  • Decreased area in thorax (increased pressure)
  • Oxygen moves out down a pressure gradient
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15
Q

How are the 3 features of gas exchange system kept in humans ?

A

Large SA:Vol ratio -> millions of alveoli
Short diffusion distance -> Alveoli and Capillaries 1 cell thick
Constant concentration gradient -> Constant movement of oxygen between blood and lungs

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16
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation ?

A

tidal volume x ventilation rate

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17
Q

Why is it difficult for the 1st and 4th oxygen to bind to a haem group on a haemoglobin ?

A

The binding of the 1st causes a small change to the tertiary structure, which makes the 2nd and 3rd easier to bind.
But it then becomes difficult for the 4th to bind

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18
Q

When does haemoglobin associate with oxygen ?

A

When there is a high pressure in the lungs

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19
Q

When does haemoglobin dissociate with oxygen ?

A

When there is a low pressure in tissue

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20
Q

On the Bohr haemoglobin curve, which part is tissue and which is lungs ?

A

first part / increasing is tissue / dissociation
last half / levelling off is lungs / association

21
Q

What factors affect the curve ?

A
  • CO2 (lower pH)
  • pH
  • having a lower affinity
    (all shift to the right, start + end in same place)
22
Q

What is the Bohr dissociation curve of a foetus and why ?

A

To the right because oxygen needs to diffuse into blood from the mother

23
Q

What causes haemoglobin to have a higher affinity ?

A
  • Increased pH
  • Decreases CO2
  • Decreased temperature
  • Carbon Monoxide
24
Q

What causes haemoglobin to have a lower affinity ?

A
  • Decreased pH
  • Increased CO2
  • Increased temperture
25
Q

What is the flow of blood in the heart (to lungs and back through) ?

A

[body]

Vena carva
Right atrium
(AtrioVentricular Valve)
right ventricle
(Semilunar Valve)
pulmonary artery

[lungs]

left atrium
(AtrioVentricular Valve)
left ventricle
(Semilunar Valve)
Aorta

[body]

26
Q

What is atrial contraction ?

A

Both atria contract and blood passes down concentration gradient into ventricles
AV valves open as pressure is higher in atria than ventricles

27
Q

What is ventricular contractions ?

A

Atria relax -> Ventricle walls contract
Higher pressure in ventricles than atria -> AV valves close
- Semilunar valves open and blood passes through to Aorta/P.Artery

28
Q

How do valves work ?

A

Prevent blood flow
Close when pressure is higher in front

29
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

30
Q

What factors affect coronary heart disease ?

A

Smoking
Blood Pressure
Cholesterol
Diet
Age
Sex
Genes

31
Q

How does smoking cause CHD ?

A

Carbon Monoxide irreversibly binds to a haemoglobin for lifespan (3 months) -> less oxygen delivered

32
Q

How does nicotine cause CHD ?

A

Stimulates production of adrenaline -> heart reate, blood pressure increase + makes red blood cells sticky

33
Q

How does diet lead to CHD ?

A

High levels of salt and fat -> raises blood pressure and cholesterol

34
Q

How does sex cause CHD ?

A

Estrogen has a protective effect
Women post menopause have same risk as men

35
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries ?

A

Small lumen, elastic tissue, thick muscles and folded endothelium

Carry blood away from the heart
Branch into arterioles

36
Q

What is the function of arterioles ?

A
  • control flow to tissues (by muscular layer contracting)
37
Q

What are the coronary arteries ?

A

Arteries the heart has that supplies it with oxygen and glucose

38
Q

What is the structure and function of the veins ?

A

large lumen, thin elastic and muscles layer, contains valves

Carry blood to the heart
Branch into venules

39
Q

What is the function of venules

A

Connect capillaries to the veins and control flow to the heart

40
Q

What is the structure and function of capillaries ?

A

1 cell thick (short diffusion distance)
very small lumen (short diffusion distance)

ensure blood and molecule supply

41
Q

What does tissue fluid do ?

A

Allows exchange of glucose, oxygen etc. between blood and cells
CO2 and waste removed from cells

42
Q

How is tissue fluid made ?

A

When water and white blood cells exit a capillary, tissue fluid is created

43
Q

What happens in the capillary system ?

A
  • Artery end :
    higher hydrostatic pressure in capillaries than tissue fluid -> water forced out
    wp lowers -> water re-enters at venule via osmosis
    excess tissue fluid enters lymphatic system
44
Q

What factors affect transpiration ?

A

Wind speed ↑ more water vapour blown away
Light Intensity ↑ more stomata open
Temperature ↑ more Ek and movement
Humidity ↓ reduced wp gradient

45
Q

What is the xylem structure and function ?

A

hallow tubes (water can pass through)
no ends (allows a continuous column)
pits (allows a continuous column)
walls made of lignin (prevents collapse)

transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant

46
Q

What is the phloem structure and function ?

A

alive companion cells (active transport of sucrose)
seive plates (continuous movement)
cell wall (strength)
thin cytoplasm (reduce friction)

transporting sucrose from the leaves (source) to the growing organs of the plant (sink)

47
Q

What happens during translocation ?

A

sucrose made from photosynthesis moved by phloem to growing organs and roots

48
Q

What is the process of translocation ?

A

sucrose moved into phloem from companion cells (active transport)
water moves into phloem from xylem (osmosis, down wp gradient)
increased hydrostatic pressure -> sucrose and water moves down the phloem (diffusion, down pressure gradient)
sucrose moves into companion cells (active transport)

49
Q

What is evidence for translocation ?

A

ringing (remove outer layer -> causes swollen area of sucrose)
radioactive carbon (can be tracked into sucrose containing radioactive carbon via radiograph)

Biology (5 decks)

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