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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the properties of water ?

A
  • cohesive
  • high SHC
  • High latent heat of vaporisation
  • Good solvent
  • Metabolite
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2
Q

What is the structure of ATP ?

A

Adenine + Ribose (Adenosine)
3 phosphates

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3
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses ATP ?

A

ATP hydrolase
ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi + Energy

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4
Q

What enzymes condenses ADP + Pi ?

A

ATP synthase
ADP + Pi + energy —> ATP + H2O

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5
Q

What is a coupling reaction ?

A

Energy from hydrolysed ATP used in a nearby reaction

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6
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Extra phosphate added to another compound to make it more reactive

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7
Q

What makes ATP useful in cells ?

A
  • energy released in small amounts —> cell doesn’t overheat
  • small and soluble —> easily transported for reactions
  • resynthesysed easily
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8
Q

What do iron ions do ?

A
  • Binds to O2 in red blood cells
  • Part of haemoglobin
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9
Q

What do sodium ions do ?

A
  • Helps transport glucose and amino acids into cells during co transport
  • sodium moved out by active transport —> concentration gradient
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10
Q

What do phosphate ions do ?

A
  • Component of ATP
  • Component of DNA/RNA
  • Phosphorylisation
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11
Q

What is the structure of α glucose ?

A

H H
OH OH

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12
Q

What is the structure of β glucose ?

A

H OH
OH H

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13
Q

What monosaccharides make maltose ?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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14
Q

What monosaccharides make Sucrose ?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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15
Q

What monosaccharides make Lactose ?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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16
Q

What happens when 2 monosaccharides make a disaccharide?

A
  • Molecule of water removed
  • Glycosidic bond made
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17
Q

What is the structure of glycogen ?

A
  • α glucose
  • very branched
  • large and insoluble
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18
Q

What is the structure of starch ?

A
  • Made of amylose and amylopectin
  • Made of α glucose
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19
Q

What is the structure of amylose ?

A
  • Unbranched
  • Large and insoluble
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20
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin ?

A
  • branched
  • Large and insoluble
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21
Q

What is the structure of cellulose ?

A
  • made from β glucose
  • parallel unbranched chains with H+ bonds (Fibrils)
  • Fibrils form cellulose
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22
Q

What is the function of lipids ?

A
  • energy source
  • insulation
  • protection
  • part of phospholipid bilayer
23
Q

What is the structure of lipids ?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

  H
  |          O
  |           || H - C - O - C - R
  |
  |          O
  |           || H - C - O - C - R
  |
  |          O
  |           || H - C - O - C - R
  |
  H
24
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  • Glycerol
  • 2 lipids
  • A phosphate
25
Q

What is the test for lipids ?

A
  • Add sample
  • Add alcohol mix
  • Add water
  • Shake the sample
  • Positive test results in white emulsion
26
Q

What is the test for proteins ?

A
  • Add sample
  • Add sodium hydroxide
  • Drop by drop add copper sulphate
  • Positive test results in lilac
27
Q

What type of molecule is an amino acid ?

A

A monomer

28
Q

What is a dipeptide ?

A

2 amino acids bonded via condensation

29
Q

What is a polypeptide ?

A

3+ amino acids bonded via condensation

30
Q

What is a protein ?

A

Several polypeptides

31
Q

What is the structure for an amino acid ?

A

O H H
|| | |
C - C - N
| | |
OH R H

32
Q

What is the primary structure of a polypeptide ?

A

Sequence of amino acids

33
Q

What is the secondary structure of a polypeptide ?

A

Hydrogen bonds form, resulting in a helix structure or a pleated sructure

34
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a polypeptide ?

A

Disulfide/Ionic/H+ bonds form, creating the 3D shape

35
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a polypeptide ?

A

Association of multiple polypeptides

36
Q

What happens when an enzyme and a substrate bind ?

A

Forms an enzyme-substrate-complex and catalyses the reaction

37
Q

What is the induced fit model of an enzyme ?

A

When a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site, it causes the active site to change shape as well

38
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor to an enzyme ?

A

A molecule that has a similar shape to the substrate and binds to the active site, preventing an ESC from forming
- Can be solved by adding more substrate -> nock inhibitor out

39
Q

What is a non competitive inhibitor to an enzyme ?

A

A molecule that binds to the enzyme away from the active site, changing the shape of the tertiary structure, preventing an ESC from forming

40
Q

How does the active site change due to induced fit ?

A

Distorting bonds

41
Q

What effect does pH have on an enzyme-substrate reaction ?

A

Charge on active site -> H+ and ionic bonds break. Destroying active site
Denaturesat both extremes

42
Q

What effect does Substrate concentration have on enzyme-substrate reaction ?

A

Low concentration : Substrate is limiting factor

High concentration : Enzyme is limiting factor

43
Q

What effect does Enzyme concentration have on enzyme-substrate reaction ?

A

Low concentration : Enzyme is limiting factor

High concentration : Substrate is limiting factor

44
Q

What effect do inhibitors have on enzyme-substrate reactions ?

A

Slow down the rate of reaction

45
Q

What are intracellular enzymes ?

A

Enzymes that work inside the cell

46
Q

What are extracellular enzymes ?

A

Enzymes that work outside the cell

47
Q

What is the meaning of standard deviation bars overlapping ?

A

There is no significant difference in the data

48
Q

What is the meaning of standard deviation bars not overlapping ?

A

There is a significant difference in the data

49
Q

What is the structure of DNA ?

A

Pentose sugar deoxyribose bonded to a phosphate and a nucleotide base
Pentose sugars bonded to phosphate by phosphodiester
Anti-Parallel strands forming a double helix

Bases joined by weak H+ bonds
Adenine - Thymine and Cytosine - Guanine

50
Q

What is the structure of RNA ?

A

Pentose sugar ribose bonded to a phosphate and a nucleotide base
Pentose sugars bonded to phosphate by phosphodiester
Anti-Parallel strands forming a double helix

Bases joined by weak H+ bonds
Adenine - Uracil and Cytosine - Guanine

51
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA ?

A

DNA - deoxyribose, thymine base, long, helical
RNA - ribose, uracil base, short, single stranded

52
Q

How does DNA replicate ?

A

DNA helicase breaks H+ bonds between bases -> Helix unwinds
Separated parent DNA acts as a template -> Complementary bases attract
Nucleotides form double helix, DNA polymerase catalyses H+ bonds
Daughter DNA contains 1 strand from parent, 1 new strand

53
Q

Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA

A

Eukaryotic : linear, associated with proteins, found in a nucleus

Prokaryotic : circular, not associated with proteins, found in the cytoplasm/plasmids

54
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA ?

A

mRNA : messenger RNA, has a codon

tRNA : transfer RNA, has an anticodon

rRNA : ribosomal RNA, makes up 50% of a ribosome

Biology (5 decks)

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