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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic ?

A

Prokaryotic cells :
- Are much smaller
- Don’t have a nucleus
- Don’t have membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cell Membrane ?

A

Phospholipids (acts as a barrier)
Proteins (Used for movement of non lipid soluble molecules via diffusion/transport)
Cholesterol, glycolipids, carbs (aids strength)

Controls the movement of things in and out of the cell

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the Nucleus ?

A

Nucleolus (makes ribosomes)
Chromatin (holds DNA)
Nuclear envelope (seperates nucleus from cytoplasm)
Nuclear pore (gap in nuclear envelope)

Stores DNA
Carries out Mitosis
Coordinates activity

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria ?

A

Cristae (fold in membrane)
Matrix (liquid between membranes)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
ATP synthase particles (ATP production)

Provides energy to the cell

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the Ribosome ?

A

mRNA subunits (protein synthesis)
proteins (products of protein synthesis)

Produces proteins by protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus ?

A

Cisternae (modifies and packages proteins and lipids by adding carbs)
Vesicles (transports products out of the cell)

Modifies proteins and lipids

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of Lysosomes ?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolyses dead pathogens and cells)
Transport proteins (exocytosis)

Removes ‘waste’ of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

A

Stores lipids and carbs

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9
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

What organelles does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t ?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of a chloroplast ?

A

Stroma (chloroplast ‘cytoplasm’)
Ribosomes (Protein source)
Lamella and Granum (Site for photosynthesis)
Starch an lipid drops (stores energy)

Site for photosynthesis

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cell Wall ?

A

Cellulose microfibrils of B glucose (strength)
Plasma membrane (additional strength)

Provide structure and strength to the cell

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the Vacuole ?

A

Tonoplast (membrane, provides support)
Cell sap (stores sugars and amino acids)
Central Vacuole (may stain the plant a colour, attract pollinators)

Contains cell sap

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14
Q

What organelles do Prokaryotic Cells have ?

A

Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Ribosome
Plasma Membrane
Mesosome
Flagella
Pili

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15
Q

What is the prokaryotic Cell Wall made of ?

A

Murein

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of a mesosome in the prokaryotic cell ?

A

Fold in the plasma membrane (Larger surface area for respiration)

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17
Q

What is the structure and function of a plasmid in the prokaryotic cell ?

A

Tiny loop of DNA (stores DNA)

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18
Q

What is the use of the flagella in a prokaryotic cell ?

A

A ‘tail’ (easier movement)

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19
Q

What is the use of the pili in a prokaryotic cell ?

A

Sexual Reproduction

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20
Q

What is the Nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell ?

A

Loop of DNA (storage of DNA without a nucleus)

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21
Q

What is the equation for magnification ?

A

magnification = (image size) / (actual size)

22
Q

What is an optical microscope ?

A

A microscope that uses light to magnify a sample

23
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope ?

A

sample stained and electrons pass through it and produce a 2D image

24
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope ?

A

beam of electrons scattered and produce a 3D image

25
Q

What are 3 main differences between optical and electron microscope ?

A
  • optical can view living sample, electrons have to be due (due to vacuum conditions)
  • optical can produce images in colour, electrons in black/white
  • optical generally have a lower magnification
26
Q

How is a temporary mount made ?

A

Put a thin slice of the stained sample onto a glass slide and cover it with a cover slip

27
Q

What are the 3 rules for biological drawings ?

A
  • draw in pencil
  • include magnification
  • add uncrossed labels
28
Q

What is cell fractionation ?

A

he process where cells are broken down into separate organelles to be studied

29
Q

What is the solution used in ultracentrifugation ?

A

Homogenate solution.

30
Q

What organelles come out first during ultracentrifugation ?

A

Heavier (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast)

31
Q

What do channel proteins move ?

A

ions

32
Q

What do carrier proteins move ?

A

Biological molecules (glucose, amino acids etc.)

33
Q

What is simple diffusion ?

A

The passive movement of non-polar molecules down a concentration gradient

34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion ?

A

Passive diffusion of polar molecules with the aid of a protein

35
Q

What is osmosis ?

A

Passive movement of water down a water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane ?

36
Q

What is water potential ?

A

The chance of water bouncing off the membrane

37
Q

What does hypotonic mean ?

A

Higher water potential -> Water moves in

38
Q

What does isotonic mean ?

A

Same water potential -> no water movement

39
Q

What does hypertonic mean ?

A

Lower water potential -> Water moves out

40
Q

What is active transport ?

A

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using a phosphate from ATP -> phosphate changes protein binding site and molecule can move through membrane

41
Q

What is co-transport ?

A

Specialised protein actively moves 2 molecules with energy
1 up and 1 down

42
Q

How does active transport in the small intestine happen ?

A

1 : active transport of sodium out and potassium in
2 : lower sodium inside -> concentration gradient
3 : sodium and glucose move in by facilitated diffusion
4 : glucose diffuses into capillary via facilitated diffusion

43
Q

What are the names of the mitosis stages ?

A

Interphase (not mitosis)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis (not mitosis)

44
Q

What happens during Interphase ?

A

Cell grows + replicates organelles
Replicates DNA
Cell grows until all organelles replicated

45
Q

What happens during Prophase ?

A

Chromosomes condense and become joined by a centromere
Spindle fibres
Nuclear envelope breaks down

46
Q

What happens during Metaphase ?

A

Nuclear envelope fully disappears
Chromosomes line up at centre of cell
Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

47
Q

What happens during Anaphase ?

A

Spindle fibres contract and pull chromosomes to opposite sides of cell (requires ATP)

48
Q

What happens during Telophase ?

A

Spindle fibres disintegrate
Chromosomes reach poles and uncoil
Nucleus reforms

49
Q

What is Cytokinesis ?

A

Cytoplasm splitting to 2 genetically identical cells

50
Q

How to find the mitotic index ?

A

Ratio of cells undergoing mitosis : total number of cells

51
Q

What is cancer ?

A

Uncontrolled cell division due to mutation in the DNA

Biology (5 decks)

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