Gas Exchange

Question 1

what are 5 risk factors for atelectasis

Answer 1

post op, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity, pressure on lungs

Question 2

explain the pathophysiology of atelectasis

Answer 2

there can be a blockage, compression, or reduced ventilation to the lung which leads to decreased air entry. this causes collapse which leads to atelectasis

Question 3

what are the two types of atelectasis

Answer 3

obstructive, non-obstructive

Question 4

explain obstructive atelectasis

Answer 4

there is reabsorption of gas that cant be replaced due to a blockage

Question 5

explain non-obstructive atelectasis

Answer 5

reduced alveolar ventilation

Question 6

what are 5 clinical manifestations of atelectasis

Answer 6

cough, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, sputum

Question 7

what is a key late sign of atelectasis

Answer 7

central cyanosis

Question 8

what is the most common way to diagnose atelectasis. what would appear on this diagnostic test that would indicate atelectasis

Answer 8

chest x-ray. it would reveal patchy infiltrates or consolidated areas

Question 9

what are 5 pharmacological methods for the management of atelectasis

Answer 9

nebulizer with a bronchodilator, expectorants such as guaifenesin, o2 therapy, antibiotic/antivirals if there is infection, analgesics for pain

Question 10

what are 5 treatment modalities for atelectasis

Answer 10

early ambulation, deep breathing exercises, chest percussion, frequent turning, incentive spirometry

Question 11

what are 5 risk factors for pleural effusion

Answer 11

heart failure, infection, smoking, bacterial pneumonia, PE

Question 12

explain the pathophysiology of pleural effusion

Answer 12

it typically occurs due to other disease processes. It occurs due to an abnormal amount of fluid in the pleural space

Question 13

what are 5 clinical manifestations of pleural effusion

Answer 13

dyspnea, chest pain, asymmetrical chest expansion, tachypnea, fever

Question 14

what are the 3 most common ways to diagnose pleural effusion

Answer 14

chest x-ray, chest ct scan, thoracentesis

Question 15

what are 5 pharmacological managements for pleural effusion

Answer 15

chemical pleurodesis to prevent recurrence of fluid build up, analgesics, antibiotics, diuretics, bronchodilators

Question 16

what are 5 risk factors for anemia

Answer 16

diet laking in iron, vitamin b12, and folate
family history
older adults
medications affecting absorption
excessive blood loss

Question 17

explain the general pathophysiology of anemia

Answer 17

the level of hemoglobin is lower than normal leading to less oxygen being delivered to body tissues

Question 18

what are 5 symptoms of anemia

Answer 18

tachypnea on exertion, weakness, ataxia, muscle pain, fatigue

Question 19

what are 5 treatment modalities for anemia

Answer 19

adequate nutrition, maintain adequate perfusion, blood transfusion, manage fatigue, adherence to medications