Cancer/Clotting

Question 1

what are 6 risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 1

early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity (no full term pregnancies), late age at first full-term pregnancy, hormone therapy, genetic mutations

Question 2

explain the pathophysiology of ductal carcinoma breast cancer

Answer 2

tumor comes from duct systems and invade surrounding tissue to form a solid irregular mass

Question 3

explain the pathophysiology of lobular carcinoma breast cancer

Answer 3

tumor comes from lobular, ill defined thickening in breast. the tumor is multicentric and can be bilateral

Question 4

what are 4 lifestyle risk factors for colon cancer

Answer 4

cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, diet high in fat or fibre, obesity

Question 5

what are 4 risk factors for colon cancer that are non-modifiable

Answer 5

family history, history of IBD or other cancers, increasing age, male

Question 6

explain the pathophysiology of colon cancer

Answer 6

usually an adenocarcinoma which is the tumor forms in the epithelial lining of the intestine. the tumor can start as benign then become malignant if not detected early

Question 7

what will an abdominal assessment reveal if the patient as colon cancer

Answer 7

lumps upon palpation, pain, reduction or absence in bowel sounds, bowel enlargement

Question 8

what diagnostic tests can be used to identify colon cancer

Answer 8

fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy

Question 9

what are some primary prevention strategies for colon cancer

Answer 9

education on decreasing risk factors such as smoking cessation, healthy diet, and weight reduction

Question 10

what are some secondary prevention strategies for colon cancer

Answer 10

colonoscopy, FIT test (use specific antibodies for human blood to detect blood in stool)

Question 11

what are 6 risk factors for lung cancer

Answer 11

smoking, e-cigarettes, second hand smoke, environmental/occupational exposure, genetics, diet

Question 12

explain the pathophysiology of lung cancer

Answer 12

carcinogens bind to cell dna and damages it which results in abnormal cell growth leading to a malignant cell. Over time these changes will increase leading to a malignant invasive carcinoma

Question 13

what are 3 common ways to diagnose lung cancer

Answer 13

chest x-ray, ct scan, fibreoptic bronchoscopy

Question 14

what is a fibreoptic bronchoscopy

Answer 14

it provides a detailed study of the tracheobronchial tree and allows for burshings, washings, and biopsies

Question 15

what are 5 risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 15

increasing age, family history, diet low in fibre or high in fat, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

Question 16

what are 3 signs of urinary obstruction due to prostate cancer

Answer 16

difficulty urinating, urinary retention, decreased size and force of stream

Question 17

what are 2 other signs of prostate cancer besides those associated with urinary obstruction

Answer 17

blood in urine and semen, painful ejaculation

Question 18

what populations should have a digital rectal exam. what is this exam used for

Answer 18

males older than 50, early detection of cancerous nodules

Question 19

how is prostate cancer confirmed

Answer 19

histological examination of tissue removed by transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy

Question 20

what are some of the sexual complications of prostate cancer

Answer 20

erectile dysfunction prior and post surgery, alterations in sexual desire

Question 21

what is a strategy for medical management of prostate cancer besides chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. what is the goal of this particular therapy

Answer 21

hormone therapy. the goal is to shrink and control the growth of prostate cancer cells

Question 22

what are 5 risk factors for skin cancer

Answer 22

family history, large number of moles, use of indoor tanning, sunburns, immunosuppression

Question 23

explain the pathophysiology of basal cell carcinomas

Answer 23

begins as a small nodule with translucent, pearly borders. it will undergo central ulceration and sometimes crust over. it is characterized by invasion and erosion of adjoining tissues and may appear flat, grey, or yellow

Question 24

explain the pathophysiology of squamous cell carcinomas

Answer 24

it results from malignant proliferation from the epidermis leading to an invasive carcinoma that is metabolized by the blood or lymphatic system

Question 25

where do squamous cell carcinomas commonly appear and what do they look like

Answer 25

they commonly appear on the upper extremities, lower lip, ears, nose, and forehead. they usually appear rough, thickened, and scaly. they may be bleeding and inflammed

Question 26

how is skin cancer diagnosed

Answer 26

through a skin biopsy

Question 27

what are 7 adverse effects of chemotherapy

Answer 27

toxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myelosuppression, renal damage, reproductive cell abnormalities

Question 28

what is a common complication of chemotherapy

Answer 28

bone marrow suppression which is decreased ability for the bone marrow to manufacture rbc, wbc, and thrombocytes

Question 29

what is a main clinical manifestation of thrombocytopenia

Answer 29

bleeding especially excessively during menstration or after surgery

Question 30

what is a key nursing assessment for the detection of atrial fibrilation

Answer 30

listening to the apical rate while palpating the radial pulse at the same time. they should be equal