Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 237 > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of acute hyponatremia

A

fluid overload in a surgical patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why does hyponatremia typically occur

A

due to an imbalance of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are 5 clinical manifestations of hyponatremia

A

poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, decreased saliva production, orthostatic hypotension, abdominal cramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what clinical manifestation is commonly associated with a 48hr fall in sodium levels. why

A

brain herniation due to increased cerebral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 5 clinical manifestations of edema of brain cells caused by hyponatremia

A

confusion, muscle twitching, seizures, lethargy, hemiparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is given to patients who have hyponatremia but cannot consume sodium

A

lactated ringers or 0.9% sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the treatment for patients with hyponatremia who have normal or excess fluid volume

A

restriction of fluid to a total of 800mL in 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are 4 GI manifestations of hyponatremia

A

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are 4 NEURO manifestations of hyponatremia

A

lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, seziures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are 2 dietary sources high in sodium that the nurse can give to a patient with hyponatremia

A

beef cube, tomato juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a common cause of hypernatremia

A

fluid deprivation in unconscious patients who cannot perceive, respond to, or communicate thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is there is excessive water loss, sodium levels will _______ because…

A

increase because the patient is losing more water than sodium which causes the serum sodium concentration to increase and pull fluid out of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are less common causes of hypernatremia (3)

A

heat stroke, near drowning, malfunction in hemodialysis or dialysis equipment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what mechanism of hypervolemia causes the clinical manifestations

A

water moves out of cells and into the ecf which causes cellular dehydration and a more concentrated ecf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are 5 NEURO clinical manifestation of hypernatremia

A

restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the primary manifestation of hypernatremia

A

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are 6 other signs of hypernatremia (not neuro or the primary manifestation)

A

dry mucosa, flushed skin, edema, hypotension, weak pulse, decreased deep tendon reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what fluids are given for the treatment of hypernatremia

A

hypotonic solutions such as 0.45% sodium chloride or an isotonic nonsaline solution such as D5W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are 2 common causes of hypokalemia

A

vomiting and diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how can an alteration in acid-base balance cause hypokalemia

A

it can disrupt potassium distribution due to shifts in hydrogen and potassium ions between cells and the ecf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how can insulin result in hypokalemia

A

persistent insulin hypersecretion may experience hypokalemia due to high carbohydrate parental nutrition

22
Q

what are 6 clinical manifestations of hypokalemia

A

fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, paresthesia, dysrhythmia, hypotension

23
Q

what are 5 dietary sources that are high in potassium

A

most fruits and veggies, legumes, whole grains, milk, meat

24
Q

what are the three major causes of hyperkalemia

A

decreased renal excretion of potassium, rapid administration of potassium, movement of potassium from the icf to the ecf

25
Q

what two patient populations are at increased risk for hyperkalemia

A

untreated kidney injury, addisons disease

26
Q

how can acid-base balance contribute to the development of hyperkalemia

A

acidosis causes potassium to move out of cells into the ecf

27
Q

what are the earliest changes that can be seen on an ECG in terms of detecting hyperkalemia

A

peaked and narrow T waves, ST segment depression, shortened QT interval

28
Q

what are 5 clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia

A

muscle weakness, paralysis of respiratory and speech muscles, nausea, diarrhea, intermittent intestinal colic

29
Q

what is administered in the case of dangerously elevated potassium levels

A

IV calcium gluconate

30
Q

what is the purpose of administering IV calcium gluconate

A

minimize the action of hyperkalemia on the heart

31
Q

what two things can be administered to correct hyperkalemia in emergency situations

A

IV sodium bicarbonate, IV regular insulin and hypertonic dextrose solution

32
Q

what is the purpose of administering IV sodium bicarbonate or IV regular insulin and hypertonic dextrose solution

A

it causes a temporary shift of potassium into cells

33
Q

what 3 populations are at increased risk for hypocalcemia

A

older adults, those with disabilities, sedentary lifestyle

34
Q

what are 5 causes of hypocalcemia

A

thyroid and parathyroid surgery, pancreatitis, kidney injury, magnesium deficiency, alkalosis

35
Q

what is the most common sign of hypocalcemia

A

tetany

36
Q

what are 4 signs of hypocalcemia

A

seizures, mental changes, prolonged QT interval, dyspnea

37
Q

what are 3 signs of chronic hypocalcemia

A

hyperactive bowel sounds,

38
Q

what iv solution is administered for those who have hypercalcemia

A

0.9% sodium chloride

39
Q

what hormone can be administered to lower serum calcium levels

A

calcitonin

40
Q

what two things can the nurse do in terms of prevention of hypercalcemia

A

encourage early ambulation and oral fluids

41
Q

what serum calcium level indicates hypocalcemia

A

lower than 2.18mmol/L

42
Q

what serum calcium level indicates hypercalcemia

A

greater than 2.6mmol/L

43
Q

what is serum magnesium level indicates hypomagnesemia

A

below 0.75mmol/L

44
Q

what is the main pathophysiology to explain hypomagnesemia

A

magnesium loss through the GI tract due to nasogastric suction, diarrhea, or fistulas

45
Q

what is the most common cause of symptomatic hypomagnesemia in canada

A

alcoholism

46
Q

what are 5 neuro clinical manifestations of hypomagnesemia

A

hyperexcitability, muscle weakness, tetany, nystagmus, seizures

47
Q

what are 2 clinical manifestations/predispositions of hypomagnesemia

A

altered ECG, cardiac dysrhythmia

48
Q

what are 5 dietary sources of magnesium

A

green leafy veggies, nuts, legumes, whole grains, seafood

49
Q

what serum magnesium level indicates hypermagnesemia

A

above 0.95mmol/l

50
Q

what is the most common cause of hypermagnesemia

A

kidney injury

51
Q

what are 5 signs of mild hypermagnesemia

A

hypotension, weakness, facial flushing, sensations of warmth, nausea/vomiting

52
Q

what are 5 signs of higher serum levels of hypermagnesemia

A

lethargy, difficulty speaking, loss of deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, paralysis

NURS 237 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions