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1st Microanatomy > Gametogenesis and Fertilization > Flashcards

Gametogenesis and Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

what are primoridal germ cells and what do they become and what do they become when they migrate to the genital ridge?

A

progenitors of gametes from yolk sac endoderm. they migrate to genital ridge which will become an indifferent gonad

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2
Q

what are the mullerian ducts?

A

aka paramesonephric ducts. in females, they develop into fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix

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3
Q

what do seminiferous cords consist of?

A

sertoli cells and primorial germ cells (stem cells for spermatogeneis that stay dormant until puberty)

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4
Q

intermediate mesoderm gives rise to ____?

A

urogenital orans (Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, follicular cells, ovary, testis, ducts, uterus)

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5
Q

urogenital sinus endoderm gibes rise to _____?

A

terminal internal parts of genital organs (vesicular, prostate and bulbourethral glands)

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6
Q

Mullerian ducts disappear in males under the influence of what hormone?

A

anti-paramesonpehric hormone

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7
Q

what is scrotal hernia?

A

congenital weakness of the abdominal wall (type of inguinal hernia)

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8
Q

What is it called when the testis fail to descend into the scrotum?

A

Cryptorchidism

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9
Q

In gametogenesis, mitosis results in more ___ and ___

A

more spermatogonia and oogonia

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10
Q

___ and ___ undergo mitosis

A

spermatocytes and oocytes

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11
Q

what initiates cleavage?

A

fertilization creating the zygote, restoring DNA complement (2n)

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12
Q

mitosis results in formation of ____

A

2 daughter cells (diploid)

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13
Q

meiosis results in ____

A

daughter cells with half the parental number of chromosomes (haploid) AKA gametes

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14
Q

Gametes are haploid or diploid?

A

haploid (1n)

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15
Q

What are the the goals of meiosis?

A

reduction of diploids and exchange of genetic material

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16
Q

An exchange of genetic material happens in what phase of meiosis?

A

prophase of meiosis 1 (crossing over)

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17
Q

crossing over results in ___

A

4 daughter cells with four different genetic makeups

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18
Q

one primary spermatocyte produces __ sperm

A

4

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19
Q

what gamete starts as a large cell resulting in small cells?

A

spermatocyte

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20
Q

1 primary oocyte produces __ ovum and __ polar bodies

A

1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies

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21
Q

Primary oocytes (4n) are arrested in meiosis 1 until _____

A

puberty/ ovulation

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22
Q

where does the secondary oocyte await fertilization?

A

uterine tube

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23
Q

in oogenesis when is meiosis 2 completed?

A

on sperm contact

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24
Q

what is the result of oogenesis?

A

ovum (1n) and 2nd polar body (1n)

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25
Q

At puberty, hormone influence on folliculogenesis leads to ___

A

ovulation

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26
Q

What kind of follicle contains cumulus oophrous?

A

Tertiary mature/ Graafian follicle

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27
Q

Which follicles are antral?

A

secondary =secretory

28
Q

the zone pellucid forms with what kind of follicle?

A

primary

29
Q

which follicles are resting?

A

primordial

30
Q

What does the zone pellucida do?

A

acts as an immunologic protective barrier for the developing egg and early embryo

31
Q

what follicle contains a primary oocyte with zona pellucida and corona radiata cells?

A

secondary follicle

32
Q

liquor folliculi formation begins with what kind of follicle?

A

secondary/antral

33
Q

after ovulation, the corpus hemorrhagicum will be replaced by ___

A

luteal cells to become the corpus luteum

34
Q

what hormones does the corpus luteum produce?

A

progesterone and some estrogen

35
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintain pregnancy, stimulate mammary development, and locally down regulate the immune system

36
Q

the corpus luteum regresses during what stage?

A

diestrus

37
Q

what is the connective tissue scar that remains after regression of the corpus luteum?

A

corpus albicans (white body)

38
Q

what is an atretic follicle?

A

follicle not selected to complete maturation that will undergo apoptosis

39
Q

the corpus luteum contains what types of cell populations?

A

theca and granulosa cells

40
Q

what hormone activates sertoli cells?

A

FSH

41
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete?

A

AMH, inhibin/activins to regulate FSH, ABP

42
Q

What does androgen binding protein do?

A

binds testosterone, increase concentrations in the seminiferous tubules and stimulate spermatogenesis

43
Q

spermatogenesis is very sensitive to _____

A

temperature, X ray radiation, vitamin A, diseases, stress, and drugs

44
Q

spermatogonia remain dormant until puberty then proliferate by ___ division

A

mitotic

45
Q

where is meiosis completed in spermatogenesis?

A

testes

46
Q

Do spermatids divide?

A

no they undergo metamorphosis

47
Q

when do oogonia complete their proliferation?

A

early embryonic stage

48
Q

females are born with what kind of oocytes?

A

primary

49
Q

one oocyte gives rise to how many ova?

A

1

50
Q

where is meiosis completed in oogenesis?

A

salpinx (Fallopian tube)

51
Q

when does oogenesis stop?

A

after the ovary is exhausted of germ cells (10-12 years in dogs, 14-16 in cattle, 20-22 yrs in mares)

52
Q

only ____ sperms can undergo acrosome reactions

A

capacitated

53
Q

where does capacitation of sperm occur?

A

uterine environment

54
Q

What does the sperm need to digest its way through the zone pellucida?

A

release of acrosomal enzymes

55
Q

where does sperm most commonly contact the oocyte?

A

fallopian tube

56
Q

what prevents other sperm from penetrating the zona pellucida?

A

sperm contact with oocyte releases proteases from the cortical granules modifying the zona pellucida, acting as a barrier

57
Q

what causes the oocyte to complete meiosis 2 ?

A

calcium wave

58
Q

what is syngamy?

A

union of male and female pronuclei entering the first mitotic division

59
Q

__n = a zygote

A

2n

60
Q

Do spermatogonia and oogonia have complete DNA complement?

A

Yes. Primitive sex cells undergo mitosis

61
Q

do spermatocytes and oocytes undergo mitosis or meiosis?

A

meiosis (to give rise to gametes)

62
Q

what consists of a tertiary follicle?

A

one antrum containing liquor follicle, eccentric cumulus oophorus, contains primary oocyte

63
Q

axoneme of cilia/sperm flagella is a derivative of a modified _____

A

centriole (basal body)

64
Q

can spermatogenesis continue throughout life?

A

yes

65
Q

when does oogenesis stop?

A

when they ovary is exhausted of primordial follicles

1st Microanatomy (4 decks)

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