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Clinical skills > gait analysis > Flashcards

gait analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main stages of gait cycle?

A
  • stance
  • swing
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2
Q

how much of the gait cycle is spent in stance ? how much is double stance?

A
  • 60%
  • 20% of gait is double stance> this decreases with velocity
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3
Q

how much of the gait cycle is spent in the swing ?

A
  • 40%
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4
Q

where should the centre of mass be?

A
  • centre of mass same as height
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5
Q

what are the 8 phases of gait?

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • mid stance
  • terminal stance
  • pre swing
  • initial swing
  • mid swing
  • terminal swing
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6
Q

what does initial contact involve? what percentage?

A
  • 0%
  • heel strike
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7
Q

what happens to the hip and knee in initial contact phase?

A
  • hip flexed to 25 degrees
  • knee fully extended
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8
Q

what does the ankle do in initial contact?

A
  • ankle in plantigrade
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9
Q

what does the pelvis do in initial contact?

A
  • pelvis rotated slightly forwards in transverse plane
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10
Q

what is the loading response? what is the percentage?

A
  • 0 to 10% of stride
  • transference of weight
    -deceleration to the floor
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11
Q

what do the hip and knee do in the loading response?

A
  • hip begins to extend, knee flexes to 15 degrees
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12
Q

what does the ankle do in the loading response?

A
  • ankle plantarflexes until foot flat (1st rocker)
  • then dorsiflexes on a fixed foot to bring shank forwards over ankle (2nd rocker)
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13
Q

what is the 1st rocker of gait?

A
  • heel is the centre of rotation
  • foot rotates around this and the ankle joint axis to come to rest in the foot flat position
  • PF rate controlled
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14
Q

what is the 2nd rocker of gait?

A
  • ankle is centre of rotation
  • the tibia is brought up and over the talus, rotating around the ankle joint
  • ankle DF
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15
Q

what does the terminal position of the 2nd rocker signal?

A
  • signals powerful triceps surae to fire
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16
Q

what is mid stance? what percentage?

A
  • 10 to 30%
  • weight over leg
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17
Q

what does the hip and knee do in the mid stance?

A
  • hip moves into extension and knee moves back into extension
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18
Q

what happens to the hip in the mid stance and why?

A
  • slight adduction at hip to lower contralateral pelvis
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19
Q

what happens to the ankle in the mid stance?

A
  • ankle dorsiflexes further and there is a slight supination in frontal plane
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20
Q

what is terminal stance? what percentage?

A
  • 30 to 50%
  • heel starts to lift off the floor
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21
Q

what does the hip and knee do in the terminal stance?

A
  • hip continues to extend
  • knee begins to flex
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22
Q

what happens to the ankle in the terminal stance?

A
  • ankle dorsiflexes until full dorsiflexion reached at which point 3rd foot rocker starts as heel lifts
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23
Q

what is the 3rd rocker of gait?

A
  • forefoot is the centre of rotation
  • ankle plantarflexes over a fixed forefoot
  • PF muscles isometrically contract
  • heel rises
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24
Q

what is pre swing? what percentage?

A
  • 50 to 60%
  • weight all over the other leg
  • double stance has occurred
  • weight transferred to contralateral limb
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25
Q

what happens to the toe in pre- swing phase?

A
  • toe off at the end of pre- swing phase
26
Q

what does the hip and knee do in pre- swing stage?

A

-hip reaches greatest extension then begins to flex
- knee continues to flex

27
Q

what does the ankle do in the pre swing phase?

A
  • dorsiflexes
28
Q

what is initial swing? what percentage?

A
  • 60 to 70%
  • foot leaves ground
29
Q

what happens to the leg in initial swing?

A
  • it shortens
30
Q

what does the hip and knee do in the initial swing phase?

A
  • hip flexes to swing leg through and knee goes to max flexion (60 degree)
  • then the knee extends
31
Q

what does the ankle do in the initial swing phase and why?

A
  • ankle dorsiflexion to plantargrade
  • ensures toes clear floor
32
Q

what is the average ground clearance?

A
  • only 1cm
33
Q

what is the mid swing? what percentage?

A
  • 70 to 85%
  • involves the forward swing
34
Q

what happens to the hip and knee in mid swing?

A
  • hip continues to flex
  • knee moves from flexion into extension
35
Q

what does the ankle do in mid swing?

A
  • ankle remains dorsiflexed to neutral
36
Q

what is the terminal swing? what percentage?

A
  • 85 to 100%
  • slows down the swing so controlled landing for next stance
37
Q

what muscle works the most in terminal swing? what does it do?

A
  • hamstrings work eccentrically
  • they do this in order to slow the movement down
38
Q

what happens to the hip and knee in the terminal phase? - give the degrees they move to

A
  • furthest hip flexion (25)
  • knee fully extends
39
Q

what does the ankle do in the terminal swing and why?

A
  • ankle in neutral
  • ensures foot in optimal position for initial contact
40
Q

what does the pelvis do in the terminal swing?

A
  • some pelvic rotation forwards on swing leg side in transverse plane
41
Q

what are the three main planes of the trunk kinematics?

A
  • sagittal
  • frontal
  • transverse
42
Q

in the sagittal plane, is inclination forwards greater than in standing?

A
  • yes inclination forwards is greater than in standing by 3-4 degrees
43
Q

in the frontal plane, what increases towards swing leg?

A
  • lateral flexion
44
Q

when do you reach greatest extent in frontal plane?

A
  • lateral flexion reaches greatest extent in double stance
45
Q

what happens to the trunk, shoulder and pelvis in the transverse plane?

A
  • rotation of upper trunk/ shoulders contralateral to pelvis
  • pelvis rotation occurs around stance limb- hip rotation
46
Q

what planes should you observe gait in?

A
  • sagittal
  • frontal
47
Q

what need to be considered when observing gait?

A
  • consider safety> do you need another person?
  • consider whether you want the person to use existing walking aids and orthotics
48
Q

what can be helpful if appropriate when observing gait?

A
  • videoing
49
Q

what is important to observe in gait?

A
  • kinematics of both limbs
50
Q

what should you look for regarding the arms in gait observation?

A
  • arm swing
    e.g., excessive swing
51
Q

what should be equal in gait? what should be consistent?

A
  • equal weight transfer
  • consistency of movement
52
Q

what can you measure in gait observation?

A
  • stride length
  • step distance from right to left and left to right
  • stance duration e.g., quick on one side
53
Q

what may people rely on in gait? how can we observe this?

A
  • head position and reliance on vision
    e.g., eyes fixed on floor for sensory feedback
54
Q

what should the path of gait be?

A
  • should be steady
55
Q

what are the 4 spatiotemporal aspects of gait?

A
  • speed level
  • endurance measure
  • cadence
  • stride length
56
Q

what is speed level?

A
  • timing walking a set distance
57
Q

what is cadence?

A
  • count steps per min
58
Q

what does stride length involve?

A
  • video analysis
  • mark out strides
59
Q

what are the 4 main gait outcome measures?

A
  • 10 metre walk tests (speed)
  • 2 minute/ 6 minute walk test (endurance)
  • timed up and go
  • functional gait assessment
60
Q

what is antalgic gait?

A
  • disruption in walking patter due to pain
  • standing phase shorter than swing
61
Q

what is hemiplegic gait?

A
  • hip abduction instead of knee flexion/ hip flexion
62
Q

why does hemiplegic gait occur?

A
  • lack of strength
  • increased spasticity

Clinical skills (13 decks)

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