GAIT Flashcards
the basics
gait
what are the spatial variables with gait?
- stride length
- step length
- step width
- foot angle (toe out angle)
gait
what are teh temporal variables of gait?
- cadence
- stride time
- step time
- stance time
- single support time
- double support time
gait
what is the spatiotemporal variables of gait?
walking speed
gait
what is considered a stride length?
contact from foot back to same foot
- length of one stride includes all the events of one gait cycle normally inital contact to initial contact
gait
what is the stride length for adult men? adult women?
adult men: 1.51 m
adult women: 1.32 m
gait
what is step length?
linear distance between two successive points of contact of opposte extremities
aka heel contact to next heel contact
gait
what is step width?
linear distance in the frontal plane, between the midpoint of the heel of one foot and the same point on the other foot
gait
what is the step width of adults? children?
adults: 8-10cm
children 7-12: 8-10 cm
they are the same because children are not proportional so they need a wider BOS so they dont fall —> therefore they take bigger steps
gait
foot angle
angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and the second toe
gait
what is the foot angle of adults? children?
adults: 5°-7°
children 7-12years: 2.5°-6°
gait
what is cadence (temporal variance)
the number of steps taken by a person per unit of time (e.g. steps/min)
gait
what is the cadence of adult men? adult women?
adult men: 108 steps/min
adult women: 118 steps/min
gait
what is stride time? what is step time?
the time for a full gait cycle adults = slightly more than 1 second
step time: time for the completion of one step (left or right)
gait
what is stance time?
the amount of time that elapses during the stance phase of one extremity in a gait cycle
gait
what is single support time?
the amount of time that elapses during the period when only one extremity is on the supporting surface in a gait cycle
gait
what is double support time?
the amount of time spent with both feet on the ground during one gait cycle
gait
what is walking speed?
what is the comfortable walking speed of adult men? adult women?
the distance traversed during a specified period of time (m/s or m/min)
- adult men: 82 m/min or 1.37 m/s
- adult women: 78 m/min or 1/30 m/s
the speed can be useful to address fall risk
gait
10-meter walk test:
walking speed equation -
no need to know how to calculate just know the equation!!
**walking speed = distance /time **
example: 8 steps in 5 seconds
6 m/5 sec = 1.2m/s m/min: 1.2 m/s x 60 s= 72 m/min
gait
10 meter walk test:
what is the cadence equation?
cadence = steps/time
gait
10 meter walk test:
what is the stride length equation?
stride length = walking speed / 1/2 cadence
m/min and strides/min
gait
phases of gait cycle:
what is stance phase?
what is swing phase?
stance: some prat of the foot is in contact with the floor approx 62% of the gait cycle
swing: foot is not in contact with the floor. remaining 38% of the gait cycle
gait
gait
functional tasks with gait:
weight acceptance -
- shock absorption
- forward progression
-stability
gait
functional tasks with gait
single limb support-
- forward progression
- stability
gait
functional tasks with gait:
swing limb advancement-
- foot clearnace
- limb advancement
gait
what is initial contact?
what % of gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
what is loading respones?
what % of the gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
what is mid stance?
what % of gait cycle?
accomplisments?
gait
what is terminal stance?
what % of the gait cycle?
accomplisments?
gait
what is pre-swing?
what % of gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
what is initial swing?
what % of the gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
what is mid swing?
what % of the gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
what is terminal swing?
what % of the gait cycle?
accomplishments?
gait
go watch a gait video and use your score card!
what did you notice? talk through every phase of the gait cycle…. were there deviations? what about their arms? how did their arms move with their legs? did you assess lateral, anterior and posterior? did you do it systematically? what was your reference limb? with the deviations you spotted what could be some challenges this person may have?
good job!
gait
initial contact: external moments
occuring in sagittal view
ground reaction force vector passes behind the ankle (tending to plantarflex it), bit in front of the knee and hip (tending to extend the knee and flex the hip
gait
during initial contact of the heel where are the AOR? where are the GRFV?
what motions will these placement encourage?
AOR:
lateral malleolus
lateral condyle of femur
middle of thigh
GRFV:
behind lateral malleolus
in front of lateral condyle of femur
in front of middle of thigh
these combined encourage:
ankle: plantarflexion moment
knee: extension moment
hip: flexion moment
gait
Loading Response- External moments:
where are the GRFV now? where are the AOR’s?
what motions are being encouraged?
GRFV:
ankle: posterior
knee and hip: anterior
ankle: plantar flexion moment
knee: flexion moment )absorb and dredistrubte forces)
Hip: flexion moment
gait
mid stance: external moments
big picture, what has changed at this point in the gait?
GRFV vertical in the end:
motions encouraged?
big picture the weight is on a single limb, staking the AOR closer on top of each other. the body is needing a stable base to maintain this single limb position
GRFV vertical in the end:
ankle: anterior to
knee: posterior to
hip: posterior to
motions:
ankle: dorsiflexion moment
knee: flexion to extension moment
hip: flexion to extension
gait
terminal stance - external moments
GRFV:
AOR:
motions encouraged:
GRFV:
anterior to the ankle
anterior moves posterior to the knee
posterior to the hip (large external moment)
AOR:
ankle: lateral malleolus
knee: lateral epicondyle of femur
hip: greater trochanter
motions:
ankle - dorsiflexion moment
knee - extension to flexion moment
hip: extension moment
gait
pre-swing external moments:
GRFV:
motions encouraged:
GRFV:
ankle: anterior to
knee: posterior to
hip: posterior to
Motions:
ankle: dorsiflexion moment
knee: flexion moment
hip: decreasing extension moment
initial contact- critical events
sagittal plane
heel contact:
heel contact initiates the heel rocker by creating an external PF moment at the ankle initiating PF
- gravity also plays a rol in producing a PF moment
initial contact
sagittal plane: degrees of motions + motions
ankle:
knee:
thigh:
pelvis:
frontal plane
calcaneus:
knee:
hip:
pelvis:
sagittal plane:
ankle: 0° neutral
knee: 0°-5° flexion
plevis: 15° anterior tilt
frontal plane:
calcaneus: 2° inversion
knee: minial valgus
hip: adducted
pelvis: contralateral side dropping from neutral
initial contact: muscualr activity
ankle:
knee:
hip:
anke: dorsiflexors (eccentric) plantar flexion moment –> plantar flexors are trying to control the tibialis anteriro
knee: vasti (concentric) preparation for loading
hip: hip extensors (concentric), preparing to bring the hip to extension, resist flexion moment
GAIT
during loading response what are the critical events in the sagittal plane?
- controlled knee flexion adn PF (heel rocker) with hip stabilization druing weight transfer
- forefoot descends to the floor around the calcaneus/floor axis (5° of plantar flexion)
- tibial froward movement causes the knee to flex 15°
- thigh is stable as it begins to extend with the trunk upright
- knee flexion and ankle PF decelerate body weight to absorb shock
GAIT
During loading response what are the critical events that occur in the frontal plane?
- calceanul eversion (subtalar) eversion couple with medial tibial rotation during weight transfer
- calcaneal eversion unlocked the foot and increases its flexibility, while body weight is being transferred to the stance limb
(pronation unlocks foot allowing it to absorve more (flexible)), eversion and pronation go together
