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msk > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Define gait

A

Mechanism by which the body is transported using coordinated movements of the major lower limb joints

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2
Q

What are the 5 attributes of a normal gait

A

Stability in Stance
Foot clearance in Swing
Pre-positioning for initial contact
Adequate step length
Energy conservation

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3
Q

What is a gait cycle

A

Describes the period of time from initial contact to next initial contact on the SAME side of the body

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4
Q

What is proportion of stance, swing phase in a gait cycle

A

Stand phase: 60%, foot contact with the ground
Swing Phase: 40%, for is not in contact with the ground

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5
Q

What is the the double support phase

A

Both legs in contact with the floor

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6
Q

What is the double float phase

A

Both legs in the air

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7
Q

How is gait cycle for running different from walking

A

Swing phase is longer than stance phase

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8
Q

Describe the steps for the gait cycle

A

Initial contact (heel strike
Loading response
Mid-stance (foot flat)
Terminal stance (heel off)
Pre-swing (toe off)

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9
Q

Describe the steps for the swing phase of the gait cycle

A

Initial swing (for push off)
Mid-swing
Terminal swing

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10
Q

Define stride

A

Distance from
IC (initial contact) Right ➡️ IC Right

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11
Q

Define step

A

Distance from IC Right ➡️ IC Left

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12
Q

Define cadence

A

Number of steps per minute

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13
Q

What does kinematic describe in gait

A

Motion
-joint angles
-displacements
-velocities
-accelerations

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14
Q

What does kinetics describe in gait

A

Things that cause motion
-forces
-moments

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15
Q

List the different types of muscle contraction and when it is used

A

Concentric contraction (shortens muscle)
-acceleration, power generation

Eccentric contraction (lengthens muscle) -deceleration, shock absorption

Isometric contraction (same length)
-stability

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16
Q

Describe the steps in the kinetics of the ankle joint during the stance phase

A
  1. Tibialis anterior works eccentrically
  2. Tibialis anterior relaxes
  3. Gastrocnemius and soleus plantarflexes ankle
17
Q

By what mechanisms is energy observed during normal gait

A

-Minimising excursion of the centre of gravity of the body
-Controlling momentum (e.g. eccentric muscle contraction)
-Transferring energy passively between body segments (using tendons, ligaments)
-Phasic muscle action (using muscles intermittently such as in Tibialis anterior)

18
Q

What are the seven different types of common gait abnormalities

A

Antalgic gait
Trendelenburg gait
Hemiplegic gait
Diplegic gait
High-steppage gait
Parkisonian gait
Ataxic gait

19
Q

Describe the features of antalgic gait

A

Cause: Patients walk in a manner that reduced pain (OA of hip)

Appearance:
-walk with a limp
-uneven gait
-affected limb; shortening stance phase
-unaffected limb; eventually shorten the wing phase

20
Q

Describe the features of Trendelenburg gait

A

Causes: Superior gluteal nerve lesion
-muscle pain, inhibition of function
-trauma
-biomechanical hip instability

Appearance:
Unaffected side; pelvis drops in stance phase, swinging torso over towards the affected side

Gait: waddling

21
Q

What are the two types of Trendelenburg gait

A

Uncompensated Trendelenburg gait (unaffected side of pelvis drops)

Compensated Trendelenburg gait
(swinging torso over towards the affected side)

22
Q

Describe the features of Hemiplegic gait

A

Cause: Paralysis of one side of the body
-stroke, cerebral palsy, trauma to CNS

Condition:
-spasticity of the affected side

Appearance:
-Flexed upper limb, extended lower limb
-Short stand phase

Unaffected side; leans towards this side
Affected side; circumduct leg of this side

23
Q

Where is the spasticity the most severe in Hemiplegic gait

A

Flexor muscles of upper limb
Extensor muscles of lower limb
(Dominant muscle groups)

24
Q

Describe the features of Diplegic gait

A

Causes: cerebral palsy

Condition: spasticity affects both lower limbs

Appearance:
-Dragging both legs on the ground
-Legs cross midline (SCISSORING)

25
Q

Describe the features of High-steppage gait

A

Condition:
Weakness of ankle dorsiflexion

Causes:
-common perineal nerve palsy
-sciatica
-neuromuscular disease

Appearance:
-flex hip much more than usual
-during initial contact, normal eccentric contraction of the Tibialis anterior muscle i absent
-compensate lack of dorsiflexion by an EVERSION FLICK

26
Q

Describe the features of Parkisonian gait

A

Cause:
Reduction in dopamine (vital for regulating body movement) as a result of degeneration of subtantia nigra

Appearance:
-difficult to initiate movement
-flex neck and trunk forwards
-absence of arm swing

-short steps (SHUFFLING gait)
-accelerating steps (FESTINANT gait)

27
Q

Describe the features of Ataxic gait

A

Causes:
-proprioceptive (loss of awareness of the position of joints)
-cerebellar disease
-vestibular (damage to organs of balance)

Appearance:
-clumsy, staggering movements, broad-base
-sway back and forth, side to side (TITUBATION)

28
Q

What are the causes of cerebellar dysfunction

A

Inherited
Acquired (e.g.stroke)
Alcohol intoxication

msk (16 decks)

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