gait

Question 1

functional gait tasks

Answer 1

stability
propulsion
efficiency

Question 2

bipedal gait advantages

Answer 2

frees hands, elevates head
travel on irregular surfaces and over obstacles, change of direction
energy efficient

Question 3

bipedal gait disadvantages

Answer 3

difficult to sustain COM in straight line
COM is an arc shaped pattern with lateral sway
maintaining a smoother trajectory of the CM
vulnerable to disease

Question 4

stability of gait

Answer 4

against gravitational and inertial forces

Question 5

propulsion of gait

Answer 5

adding energy to the system

Question 6

efficiency of gait

Answer 6

minimizing changes in kinetic energy (shock absorption)
minimizing changes in PE

Question 7

cycle / stride

Answer 7

single sequence of one foot, heel to heel

Question 8

step lenght

Answer 8

heel to heel of opposite feet

Question 9

stride length

Answer 9

double step length = cycle or stride length

Question 10

walking base

Answer 10

distance to the midline of the two feet

Question 11

cadence

Answer 11

steps per unit time avg = 110 steps/min

Question 12

midline

Answer 12

line through the center point of both feet

Question 13

stance phase

Answer 13

60% of gait cycle
initial contact
early stance
mid stance
terminal stance

Question 14

swing phase

Answer 14

40% of gait
initial swing
mid swing
late swing

Question 15

3 functional tasks of gait

Answer 15

weight acceptance
single limb support
limb advancement

Question 16

weight acceptance

Answer 16

initial contact & loading response
- requires initial limb stability and shock absorption while simultaneously preserving the momentum of progressions
- if successful individual demonstrates stable kinetic chain

Question 17

single limb support

Answer 17

Mid stance & terminal stance & preswing
- forward progression of body weight over stationary foot while maintaining stability

Question 18

limb advancement

Answer 18

pre swing, initial swing, mid swing and terminal swing
- stance limb leaves ground and advances forward to posture itself in prep for next initial contact
- if successful individual demonstrates open kinetic chain

Question 19

initial contact

Answer 19

instant foot touches ground
0-2%

Question 20

loading response

Answer 20

BW is fully transferred onto the stance limb
0-10%

Question 21

midstance

Answer 21

starts when contralateral foot leaves ground and continues as BW travels until its aligned over the forefoot
10-30%

Question 22

terminal stance

Answer 22

starts w heel rise and ends when the contralateral foot contacts ground
BW moves ahead of forefoot
30-50%

Question 23

preswing

Answer 23

starts when contralateral foot contacts ground
stance limb is unloaded and BW is transferred to contralateral limb
50-62%

Question 24

initial swing

Answer 24

instant foot leaves ground and continues until max knee flexion
62-75%

Question 25

midswing

Answer 25

following max knee flexion, ends when tibia is vertical 75-85%

Question 26

when walking speed increase

Answer 26

stance phase decreases
swing phase increases
double support decreases

Question 27

running

Answer 27

walking with no double support
ratio stance/swing reverses

Question 28

determinants of gait

Answer 28

1. pelvic rotation
2. pelvic tilt
3. knee flexion in stance phase
4. ankle mechanism
5. foot mechanism
6. lateral displacement of body

Question 29

Trendelenburg gait

Answer 29

failure of hip abductors to produce a sufficient abductor moment during loading response and terminal stance

Question 30

lateral lurch

Answer 30

abductor weaknesses or coxofemoral pain
excessive lateral displacement of the trunk toward the affected side

Question 31

antalgic gait

Answer 31

stance phase is shortened to relative swing phase (pain with weight bearing)

Question 32

lateral trunk bending

Answer 32

significatn leaning of the trunk toward the prosthetic side at midstance

Question 33

increased walking base

Answer 33

a wide walking base may increase stability but at a sacrifice for efficiency

Question 34

inadequate dorsifelxion control

Answer 34

achieve ground clearance during swing phase
dorsiflexors resist the external plantar flexion moment

Question 35

gait control

Answer 35

1. activation of gait command in the central NS
2. transmission of the gait signals to the peripheral NS
3. contraction of muscles that develop tension
4. generation of forces at and moments across synovial joints
5. regulation of the joint forces and moments by the rigid skeletal segments
6. displacement of the segment
7. generation of GRF

Question 36

joint power is the ….

Answer 36

product of joint angular velocity and the corresponding internal moment at a given point in time

Question 37

What is the objective of the six determinants of
Gait?

Answer 37

-Minimize excursion of COM in vertical and horizontal planes
-Reduce energy consumption of ambulation