anatomy and physiology Flashcards
anatomy is
the study of the form and structure of the human body
physiology is
the study of functions at many levels
levels of structural organization
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
levels of structural organization - in depth
atoms - molecule - organelle - smooth muscle cell - smooth muscle tissue - connective tissue - blood vessel - cardiosystem
anatomical position
body erect
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward
axial division
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
appendicular division
upper/lower limbs
pectoral/ pelvic girdles
superior
toward the head or supper part of the body
inferior
away from the head end or toward lower body
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part/point of attachment to the body trunk
ventral / anterior
toward the front of the body
dorsal / posterior
toward back of the body
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
deep (internal)
away from the body surface/ internal
medial
toward the midline of the body or inner side
lateral
away from the midline of the body or the outer side of
intermediate
between the medial and lateral
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right sections
transverse plane
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior parts
functions of the skeletal system
blood cell production
mineral storage
protection of organs
supports the entire body
bone types
long bones
short bones
flat/tabular bones
sesamoid bones
irregular bones
bone tissue types
cortical bone/compact
cancellous bone / spongy/ trabecular
cortical bone
outer shell
yellow bone marrow
trabecular bone
red bone marrow
much less dense
middle of long bones
bone is a ….
two phase composite material
anisotropic, different mechanical properties when loaded along different axes
viscoelastic, response varies with the rate at which bone is loaded
3 types of muscle
skeletal (voluntary)
smooth / visceral muscle (involuntary)
cardiac muscle (involuntary)
muscle composition breakdown
sacromere - myofibril - muscle fiber - fascicle - muscle bundle - muscle
joint functional classification
synarthrosis - no movement
amphiarthroses - slightly moveable
diarthroses - freely moveable
joint structural classification
fibrous (skull)
cartilaginous (ribs)
synovial (knee)
synovial joint components
articular cartilae
joint cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
rich nerve and blood vessel supply
Three possible types of reinforcing
ligaments
Capsular, extracapsular and intracapsular
stabilizing factors at synovial joints
muscle tone
ligament # and location
shapes of articular surfaces
ROM of synovial joints
nonaxial - slipping movements only
uniaxial - movement in 1 plane
biaxial - movement in 2 planes
multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes
types of joints
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket
foot movements
dorsiflexion - upward movement
plantar flexion - downward movement
inversion - turn sole medially
eversion - turn sole latterally
ulna movement
supination - turning hand backward (palm up)
pronation - turning hand forward palm down
angular movement
adduction - toward body
abduction - movement away from body
