anatomy and physiology 2.0

Question 1

vertebral column functions

Answer 1

transfer weight of the head, neck and truck to lower limbs
provide safe corridor for spinal nerves

Question 2

vertebral column bones

Answer 2

26 irregular bones
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx

Question 3

scoliosis

Answer 3

abnormal, lateral curvature and twisting of the vertebral column

Question 4

kyphosis

Answer 4

excessive posterior curvature of thoracic

Question 5

lordosis

Answer 5

excessive anterior curvature of lumbar region

Question 6

intervertebral discs

Answer 6

disk consists of fibrocartilage structure
healthy disc is analogous to inflated tire
the inner gel is nucleous pulposus

Question 7

nucleous pulposus

Answer 7

gives disk resiliency and acts as a shock absorber

Question 8

thoracic cage

Answer 8

Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum (Breastbone)
Ribs and their costal cartilages

Question 9

thoracic cage functions

Answer 9

• Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
• Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
• Provides attachment sites for many muscles

Question 10

true ribs

Answer 10

1-7 attach directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages

Question 11

false ribs

Answer 11

8-12
pairs 8-10 attached indirectly to sternum
pairs 11-12 floating, no attachment to sternum

Question 12

pectoral girdle bones

Answer 12

clavicle
scapula

Question 13

shoulder joint

Answer 13

loose ball and socket & shallow
great ROM
great flexibility
frequent vulnerable dislocation

Question 14

humerus

Answer 14

biggest bone in arm

Question 15

radius

Answer 15

medial bone in forearm

Question 16

ulna

Answer 16

medial bone in forearm

Question 17

hand bones

Answer 17

8 carpal bones proximal to wrist
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges

Question 18

pelvis girdle functions

Answer 18

attach the lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
support pelvic organs

Question 19

female vs male pelvis

Answer 19

female:
bones are thinner/smoother/lighter
tilted forward, broad cavity
acetabula is smaller
bigger pubic arc
male:
heavier bones
larger acetabular
more acute pubic arch
titlted less forward, narrow and deep pelvis

Question 20

acetabulum

Answer 20

lateral surface of hip bone
articulates with femur
when unloaded it has a smaller diameter than femoral head
viscoelastically deforms when joint is loaded

Question 21

lateral bow of femur

Answer 21

facilitates weight bearing and balancing

Question 22

where does the femur curve

Answer 22

longitudinal axis

Question 23

femoral head

Answer 23

thick articular cartilage on medial center
thin articular cartilage on the periphery of head

Question 24

femoral neck angle

Answer 24

joins shaft at 125 degrees

Question 25

coxa vara

Answer 25

smaller angle than 125

Question 26

coxa valga

Answer 26

greater angle than 125

Question 27

hip joint

Answer 27

synovial ball and socket pad of fibrous cartilage over the articular cartilage of acetabulum

Question 28

ligaments of hip joint

Answer 28

4 extracapsular 1 intracapsular

Question 29

patella functions

Answer 29

protect knee joint reinforcements to quadricep tendon transmit tensile force of the quads muscle and tendon to the patellar ligament increase lever arm of the knee extension mechanism

Question 30

where is the site of muscle attachment in the calf?

Answer 30

fibula

Question 31

joints of the knee

Answer 31

femoropatellar joint (gliding during knee flexion) lateral and medical tibiofemoral joints (allows flexion, extension and some rotation when knee is partly flexed)

Question 32

menisci

Answer 32

fibrous cartilage pads medial and lateral act as cushions

Question 33

4 extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 33

tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament 2 superficial popliteal ligaments

Question 34

2 intracapsular ligaments

Answer 34

ACL PCL

Question 35

Patellar ligament

Answer 35

provides support to the anterior surface of the knee joint attaches to quad tendon on superior of the patella

Question 36

talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the

Answer 36

calcaneus

Question 37

foot consists of

Answer 37

tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges

Question 38

arches of the foot

Answer 38

lateral longitudinal medial longitudinal transverse

Question 39

tibiotalar joint

Answer 39

hinge joint formed by tibia, talus, fibula

Question 40

primary weight bearing surface

Answer 40

distal surface of the tibia and trochlea of the talus

Question 41

functioning of the tibiotalar depends on the medial and lateral stability of ...

Answer 41

proximal tibiofibular joint distal tibiofibular joint