anatomy and physiology 2.0 Flashcards
vertebral column functions
transfer weight of the head, neck and truck to lower limbs
provide safe corridor for spinal nerves
vertebral column bones
26 irregular bones
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
scoliosis
abnormal, lateral curvature and twisting of the vertebral column
kyphosis
excessive posterior curvature of thoracic
lordosis
excessive anterior curvature of lumbar region
intervertebral discs
disk consists of fibrocartilage structure
healthy disc is analogous to inflated tire
the inner gel is nucleous pulposus
nucleous pulposus
gives disk resiliency and acts as a shock absorber
thoracic cage
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum (Breastbone)
Ribs and their costal cartilages
thoracic cage functions
- Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
- Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- Provides attachment sites for many muscles
true ribs
1-7 attach directly to sternum by individual costal cartilages
false ribs
8-12
pairs 8-10 attached indirectly to sternum
pairs 11-12 floating, no attachment to sternum
pectoral girdle bones
clavicle
scapula
shoulder joint
loose ball and socket & shallow
great ROM
great flexibility
frequent vulnerable dislocation
humerus
biggest bone in arm
radius
medial bone in forearm
ulna
medial bone in forearm
hand bones
8 carpal bones proximal to wrist
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges
pelvis girdle functions
attach the lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
support pelvic organs
female vs male pelvis
female:
bones are thinner/smoother/lighter
tilted forward, broad cavity
acetabula is smaller
bigger pubic arc
male:
heavier bones
larger acetabular
more acute pubic arch
titlted less forward, narrow and deep pelvis
acetabulum
lateral surface of hip bone
articulates with femur
when unloaded it has a smaller diameter than femoral head
viscoelastically deforms when joint is loaded
lateral bow of femur
facilitates weight bearing and balancing
where does the femur curve
longitudinal axis
femoral head
thick articular cartilage on medial center
thin articular cartilage on the periphery of head
femoral neck angle
joins shaft at 125 degrees
coxa vara
smaller angle than 125
coxa valga
greater angle than 125
hip joint
synovial ball and socket
pad of fibrous cartilage over the articular cartilage of acetabulum
ligaments of hip joint
4 extracapsular
1 intracapsular
patella functions
protect knee joint
reinforcements to quadricep tendon
transmit tensile force of the quads muscle and tendon to the patellar ligament
increase lever arm of the knee extension mechanism
where is the site of muscle attachment in the calf?
fibula
joints of the knee
femoropatellar joint (gliding during knee flexion)
lateral and medical tibiofemoral joints (allows flexion, extension and some rotation when knee is partly flexed)
menisci
fibrous cartilage pads medial and lateral
act as cushions
4 extracapsular ligaments of the knee
tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament
2 superficial popliteal ligaments
2 intracapsular ligaments
ACL
PCL
Patellar ligament
provides support to the anterior surface of the knee joint attaches to quad tendon on superior of the patella
talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the
calcaneus
foot consists of
tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges
arches of the foot
lateral longitudinal
medial longitudinal
transverse
tibiotalar joint
hinge joint formed by tibia, talus, fibula
primary weight bearing surface
distal surface of the tibia and trochlea of the talus
functioning of the tibiotalar depends on the medial and lateral stability of …
proximal tibiofibular joint
distal tibiofibular joint
