G Flashcards
What reinforcement strategy adds stimuli to increase behavior
positive reinforcement strategy
What reinforcement strategy removes stimuli to increase behavior
negative reinforcement strategy
what are examples of positive reinforcement strategies
praise, rewards
what are examples of negative reinforcement strategies
breaks, demand decrease
The presence of the stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus
The presence of this stimulus signals that reinforcement is not available
Stimulus delta
The presence of this stimulus signals punishment is imminent
Discriminative Stimulus for punishment
Which Stimulus:
pick up the phone when the doorbell rings
Stimulus Delta
Which Stimulus:
Answer the door when the doorbell rings
Discriminative Stimulus
A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of an ____ due to its history
Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment
____ evokes operant behavior because of its reinforcing history
Discriminative Stimulus
In the past, ____ have produced no reinforcement, or reinforcement of lesser quality
Stimulus Delta’s
Interventions based on what include only interventions which alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher
Motivating Operations
Interventions based on what alter the rate, latency, duration, or magnitude of a behavior based on the presence or absence of the stimulus
Discriminative Stimuli
Why do conditioned reinforcers serve as reinforcement
Because there is a history of being paired with another reinforcer(s)
What are examples of conditioned reinforcers
Tokens, Money, Praise, social praise, stickers
What type of Response prompt:
Remember to ask for help when you need to reach a toy
Vocal prompt
What type of Response prompt:
Say Help, showing a video
Model Prompt
What type of Response prompt:
Providing the instruction, followed by an immediate prompt or simultaneously prompting with the instruction. (hand over hand)
Physical Guidance
What type of Response prompt:
Pointing toward the correct item
Gestures
What is the prompting Hierarchy
Physical (full or partial)
Verbal (full to partial)
Visual (word or picture cues)
Gestural (pointing, glancing)
Positional (move target closer to further)
What type of Response prompt:
Repositioning target closer to further away
Positional
What is the process of gradually reducing the level of assistance provided to a student when learning a new skill
Fading
The goal of this type of learning is for the learner to respond correctly without making errors
Errorless learning
What type of prompt involves starting with a more challenging version of a task or concept and then simplifies it until the child can successfully complete the task without errors
Most-to-Least
What type of prompt teaches a new skill by gradually increasing the difficulty level.
Least to Most
When is it good to use Most-to-Least prompting
when a learner becomes disengaged if the task is too easy
_____ _____ consists of a pause after a prompt allowing the individual to respond before providing an additional prompt
Time Delay
____ ____ consists of a pause after presenting the stimulus and presenting the prompt
Prompt Delay
When the therapist provides assistance to the child at the beginning but gradually reduces the amount of guidance
Graduated Guideance
What is a benefit of graduated guidance
the child can develop their own strategies and become more independent in completing the task
What is the strategy that teaches a complex skill by breaking it down into smaller more manageable steps taught one at a time
Shaping
When an instructor demonstrates a behavior for a learner
Modeling
A type of response prompt that tells a person what to do (vocal or written)
instruction
a verbal statement of an antecedent-behavior-consequence contingency.
eg. the light turns red, you have to stop, if you continue you get a ticket
Rule
What type of chaining:
Teach the first step and once it is completed the student gets access to the reinforcement until the first step is mastered. Add the second step and continue until the entire behavior is mastered
Forward Chaining
What type of chaining:
Prompt the student through all the behaviors in the chain but have them complete the final step independently and provide reinforcement. Once the last step is mastered introduce the second to last step. Continue until entire behavior is mastered
Backward chaining
Introduce the entire behavior chain at once. Ok if the student already has many of the behaviors in repertoire
Total Task Chaining
A structured Aba technique that breaks down skills into small components
Discrete Trial Training
The SD is part of the natural environment, and responding doesn’t depend on a directive, prompt, or SD presented by a trainer
Free operant teaching
Imbedding learning opportunities into ongoing, everyday activities by capitalizing on the EO’s in natural contexts and choice making, client interest and initiations
Naturalistic Teaching
Discriminations:
reinforcement is delivered when an individual pushes a green key and not a red key
Simple Discrimination
Discriminations:
Reinforcement is contingent on pushing the green key only after hearing the auditory stimulus “green”
Conditional Discriminations
An instructional method that helps children learn by connecting ideas and recognizing equivalence between stimuli. helps with generalization
Equivalence-Based Instruction
A technique where multiple easy requests are presented before presenting a more difficult request
eg: touch your head, touch your toes, spin around, line up quietly
High-Probability Instructional sequence
Differential Reinforcement: Reducing a behavior by increasing incompatible behaviors and reinforcing the opposite of the undesired behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
Differential Reinforcement: Increase a behavior by reinforcing appropriate behaviors and focusing on developing functional alternative behaviors
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
Differential Reinforcement:
Reduce a behavior to zero occurrences by focusing on increasing the interval of time the target behavior didn’t occur
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
Differential Reinforcement: Reduces a behavior to acceptable levels by focusing on reducing the number of occurrences
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
What Differential Reinforcement is used to reduces behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
Differential Reinforcement used to increases a behavior
Differential Reinforcement of alternative behavior
Differential Reinforcement used to eliminate a behavior
Differential Reinforcement of other behavior
Differential Reinforcement used to substitute a behavior
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
Aniya will raise her hand before speaking in class for 5 consecutive days
DRA
Grace will get a sticker for limiting the number of questions she asks during reading to 5 (from 10)
DRL
Steve will receive a sticker for each 15 minute interval that he does not talk to his neighbor
DRO
Juan will get a sticker every time he uses his inside voice when in the classroom instead of using his outside voice
DRI
Teaching a learner a communication behavior to replace a target behavior
Functional Communication Training
What type of reinforcement involves providing reinforcement on a set schedule regardless of whether a target behavior occurs or not
Non-Contingent Reinforcement
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior
Extinction
Time out is a form of ____ Punishment
negative
opportunity to have access to reinforcers is removed for a specified time if a target behavior occurs
Time Out
reinforcers are lost if a target behavior occurs which leads to a decrease in the behavior frequency
Response Cost
a student that throws paper on the floor might be required to practice walking to the trash can to throw away trash several times in a row.
Overcorrection
Overcorrection is a form of ____ Punishment
Positive
Response cost is a form of ____ Punishment
Negative
Gold stars on a chore checklist to earn allowance at home
Token Economy
A behavior within a response class that has been selected to be addressed
Target behavior
A reinforcer that is earned by exchanging tokens
Backup Reinforcers
What contingency is the contingency presented to the entire group, but only those who meet the criterion get the reward
Independent
What contingency does everyone in the group have to meet the criterion for everyone to get the reward
Interdependent
What contingency does one member or some members of the group have to meet the criterion for everyone to get the reward
Dependent
The teacher reinforces group behavior by adding marbles to the jar. When the jar is full, all students earn a movie day.
interdependent group contingency
A token economy in the classroom is an example of
independent group contingency
When everyone’s reinforcement is contingent on one person or a small group, the rest of the group supports that potential hero.
Dependent
A contractual arrangement where a reward is provided upon the achievement of specific goals
Contingency Contract
A reward, bonus, or incentive is provided at the end of the term of the contract if the goals have been met
Incentive Contract
A person loses something if they do not meet the agreed terms of the contract
Loss Aversion Contract
In a contingency contract the ____ _____ is the documentation of the required task
Task Record
In a contingency contract the ____ is the reinforcement and consists of who will provide it, what it is, when it will be provided, and how much will be given.
Reward
When a person compares their own performance to a predetermined goal or standard
Self-Evaluation
When the client records and tracks their own behavior
sef-monitoring
The behavior that helps you achieve your goal to manage the desired behavior
Eg: not buying snacks in order to snack less
Controlling Response
The actual desired behavior or goal
(eating less snacks),
Controlled Response
A consequence that you decide on when you don’t do the specific behavior. This can be delivered by others or oneself.
Self-administered consequences
Things manipulated before to increase or decrease one’s own target behavior
Antecedent-based self-management
child has a tendency to pull their hair, a doctor may work with them to replace that habit with hair twirling is an example of
Habit reversal
providing oneself with verbal instructions to prompt a behavior
self-instruction
a strategy to reduce anxiety and phobias that involves substituting muscle relaxation for challenging behaviors
self-directed systematic desensitization
having the person perform an undesired behavior over and over again to decrease the behavior
Massed practice
learning to greet your friend with “hi.” You then start greeting your friend with “hello”, “what’s up”, and “how are you?”
Response Generalization
grabbing a handful of hot Cheetos, skittles, or chocolate almonds. The same response (grabbing a handful) is occurring in the presence of a variety of stimuli.
stimulus generalization
same stimulus can elicit multiple responses
response generalization
multiple stimuli all fall under one response (palm, fir, oak are all trees)
Stimulus Generalization
teaching the skill of brushing one’s teeth, an instructor might teach a learner teeth brushing with a task analysis in their own bathroom, in a hotel bathroom, etc
Sequential Modification
to teach what naturally occurs and identifying trainable moments when they occur
Train Loosely
When a learner isn’t able to predict if the next response results in reinforcement
Indiscriminable contingencies
What are two examples of indiscriminable contingency’s
intermittent schedules of reinforcement and delayed rewards
a consequence that happens without the manipulation of the behavioral analysts.
eg: hitting the snooze button makes you late for work which causes you to leave your house without the opportunity for breakfast
Natural Contingencies
The continued ability of the learner to perform a behavior even after part or all of the intervention has been removed
Response Maintenance
What questions should be asked when considering maintenance
Is the skill maintained over time?
Is the skill maintained without intervention?
Is the skill maintained without contrived reinforcement?
What are 3 ways to promote maintenance
Withdraw antecedents
withdraw task requirements
withdraw consequences/reinforcement
Fading the use of a visual schedule, fading prompts, fading written instructions are ways to
withdraw antecedents
Removing requirements and criteria related to the target behavior until it is as similar as possible to the post intervention setting
withdraw task requirements
Systematically stopping all consequence and reinforcement interventions that follow the target behavior
Withdraw consequences/reinforcement
Saving money to buy a new car serves as what type of reinfocer
Generalized Reinforcer
Richard is using FCT to reduce a problem behavior what verbal operant does FCT rely on
Mand
Dave sets one setting on the table. He asks his son to set the remaining 5 places. What procedure is dave implementing
match to sample
Joe’s client earns a token for every interval that he doesn’t spit. the intervals start low to make sure they have access to the reinforcement. Intervals increase over time. What type of reinforcement is Joe using
DRO
When the behavioral aid points to the mistake or the client to correct what type of prompt was provided
response nonverbal prompt
the client receives varied levels of prompts on a few intermittent steps. What type of chaining
total-task chaining
If you have no more than 2 tantrums lasting no more than 2 minutes you can watch a video for 10 minutes at the end of the session. what type of DR
Full session DRL
