Fungus and fungal infection II

Question 1

Candida albicans
cryptococcus neoformans
aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 1

opportunistic mycoses

Question 2

hospitalization or ICU stay
extensive surgery or burn
hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis
chemotherapy
HIV / AIDS
malnutrition

Answer 2

factor for opportunistic mycoses

Question 3

ovoid or spherical yeast with a single bud
produces pseudohyphae in the cultures and in tissues
grwos readily on sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA)
creamy white, smooth colonies with a yeasty odor
stain readily with gram stain = gram +

Answer 3

candida albicans

Question 4

cutaneous and mucosal candidiasis (superficial candidiasis)
= chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

oral thrush
vaginal thrush
cutaneous candidiasis
penile candidiasis

treatment: topical antifungal drugs and oral therapy

Answer 4

candida infections

Question 5

systemic candidiasis (deep candidiasis)

endocarditis
gastrointestinal tract candidiasis - dysphagia
respiratory tract candidiasis
genitourinary candidiasis - dysuria
hepatosplenic cadidiasis
candidemia

treatment: amphotericin B

Answer 5

candida infections

Question 6

affect the lungs = pulmonary aspergillosis

Answer 6

aspergillosis

Question 7

acute pulmonary pneumonia and chronic necrotizing aspergillus pneumonia
- alcoholism, underlying lung disease or chronic corticosteroid therapy

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

aspergilloma
- presence of a ball of fungus within the cavity, pre-existing TB, lung abscess, hemoptysis

invasive aspergilosis
- severely compromised
- cause disseminated disease
- mostly fatal

Answer 7

aspergillosis

Question 8

• encapsulated yeast, cryptococcus neoformans
• life-threatening fungal disease in AIDS patients
• transmitted by inhalation
• yeasts are deposited into the pulmonary alveoli

Answer 8

cryptococcosis

Question 9

pulmonary cryptococcosis

CNS cryptococcosis

disseminated non-pulmonary non-CNS cryptococcosis

Answer 9

cryptococcosis

Question 10

lungs and brain
fever, malaise
pleuritic chest pain
cough nonproductive
haemoptysis
headache
vision changes
nausea and vomiting
mental status changes
meningitis, seizures, coma

Answer 10

cryptococcosis

Question 11

also known as mucormycosis or phycomycosis
caused by saprophytic molds, such as rhizopus, mucor and absidia
transmitted by air, through their asexual spores
acute inflammation of soft tissue

Answer 11

zygomycosis

Question 12

rhinocerebral zygomycosis
pulmonary zygomycosis
gastrointestinal zygomycosis

Answer 12

zygomycosis

Question 13

penicillium marneffei the only dimorphic fungus in the genus penicillium known to cause opportunistic infection
causes asymptomatic infections in immunocompetent hosts
reported as an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients
causes granulomatous or supportive inflammatory reaction, bronchopneumonia, and cavitary lung lesion in granuloma

Answer 13

penicilliosis

Question 14

secondary fungal metabolites that causes diseases after ingestion, inhalation or direct contact with the toxin
produced by filamentous fungi (molds)
mycotoxicoses - disease caused by mycotoxin

Answer 14

mycotoxin

Question 15

ingestion of peanuts and grains contaminated with aspergillus flavus causes liver cancer due to the presence of aflatoxin

aflatoxin epoxide induces a mutation in the p53 gene that results in a loss of the p53 tumor suppressor protein

inhalation of the spores aspergillus fumigatus can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, an IgE mediated immediate hypersensitivity response

Answer 15

fungal toxins and allergies

Question 16

interfere with the synthesis of ergosterol

Answer 16

azoles

Question 17

polyene antibiotic
binds firmly to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Answer 17

amphotericin B

Question 18

treat cryptococcosis or candiasis
penetrates well into all tissues, including cerebrospinal fluid
interferes with the activity of DNA synthesis

Answer 18

flucytosine

Question 19

allylamine drug
blocks ergosterol synthesis

Answer 19

terbinafine