Fungus and fungal infection I

Question 1

• Pityriasis versicolor
• Tinea niagra
• Black piedra
• White piedra

Answer 1

What are the conditions caused by Superficial mycoses?

Question 2

• Caused by Malassezia furfur
• Superficial infection of the stratum corneum - interfere with melanin production
• Appeared as hypopigmented macular lesions often associated with slight scaling or itching

Answer 2

Pityriasis versicolor

Question 3

• caused by Exophiala werneckii
• a well-demarcated brown-black macular lesion
• most commonly seen on palms and soles

Answer 3

Tinea nigra

Question 4

• superficial infection of the hair
• caused by Piedraia hortae
• infection of shaft of hairs of beard and scalp

Answer 4

Black piedra

Question 5

• infection of the hair
• caused by yeast-like organism Trichosporon beigelli
• development of a soft, pasty, cream-colored growth along infected hair shaft

Answer 5

White piedra

Question 6

• Disease of the skin, hair, and nail
• caused by a group of closely related fungi known as dermatophytes

Answer 6

Cutaneous mycoses

Question 7

Tricophyton

Answer 7

Hair, skin, and nail

Question 8

Microsporum

Answer 8

Hair and skin

Question 9

Epidermophyton

Answer 9

Skin and nail

Question 10

• skin, nail, and hair
• mostly elongate, pencil shaped with micronidia

Answer 10

Trichophyton spp

Question 11

• skin and hair
• easily identified on the scalp
• the loose, cottony mycelia produce macroconidia which are thick-walled and spindle-shaped
• infected hairs fluorescence a bright green colour when illuminated with a UV-emitting Wood’s light

Answer 11

Microsporum spp

Question 12

• skin and nails
• readily identified by the thick, bifurcated hyphae with multiple smooth, club-shaped, macroconidia

Answer 12

Epidermophyton spp

Question 13

Tinea means ringworm or moth-like. What are the names of the 8 Tinea infections?

Answer 13

• capitis (head)
• faciei (face)
• barbae (beard)
• corporis (body)
• cruris (groin)
• manuum (hand)
• unguium (nail)
• pedis (foot)

Question 14

• scalp and hair
• found in children
• dull gray, circular patches of alopecia, scarring, and itching

Answer 14

Tinea capitis

Question 15

• ringworm of the bearded areas of the face and neck
• also known as barber’s itch
• follicular inflammation or as cutaneous granulomatous lesion

Answer 15

Tinea barbae

Question 16

• small annular ring lesions with scaly centre occurring anywhere on the body
• inflamed circular border containing papules and vesicles surrounding a clear area of relatively normal skin
• the periphery of the ring which is the site of active fungal growth is inflamed and vesiculated
• the lesions are typically pruritic

Answer 16

Tinea corporis

Question 17

• groin, perineum, or perianal area
• can spread from the upper thigh to the genitals

Answer 17

Tinea cruris (jock itch)

Question 18

• nails are thickened, broken, discolored, and brittle
• clipped nail used for culture
• treatment must be continued for 3 to 4 months until all the infected portions of the nail grow out and are trimmed off

Answer 18

Tinea unguium

Question 19

• infected tissue is initially between the toes but can spread to the nails which become yellow and brittle
• caused by Trichophyton spp or Epidermophyton floccosum
• skin fissures can lead to secondary bacterial infection

Answer 19

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

Question 20

Treatment for Tinea capitis, corporis, pedis, and unguium

Answer 20

Tinea capitis: terbinafine, topical antifungal
Tinea corporis, pedis: terbinafine and itraconazole
Tinea unguium: terbinafine or itraconazole

Question 21

infection of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and fascia

Answer 21

subcutaneous mycoses

Question 22

• mycetoma
• chromoblastomycosis
• phaeohyphomycosis
• sporotrichosis
• rhinosporidiosis

Answer 22

infections of subcutaneous mycoses

Question 23

• slowly progressive, chronic granulomatous infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues
• involvement of underlying fascia and bone
• caused by a number of actinomycetes and filamentous fungi
• enter through penetrating injuries resulting from thorn pricks, splinters, etc.
• microabcesses burst open with the formation of chronic multiple sinuses discharging copious, seropurulent fluid containing granules
• the color and consistency of these granules vary depending on the fungi that cause the disease

Answer 23

mycetoma

Question 24

• slowly progressing granulomatous infection caused by several soil fungi
• dematiaceous fungi: brown to black melanin pigment in their cell wall and their conidia or hyphae are dark coloured - grey or black
• lesion vegetate and develop to a cauliflower-like lesion

Answer 24

chromoblastomycosis

Question 25

• heterogeneous group of cutaneous diseases caused by various dematiaceous fungi
• diagnosis is made by demonstration of darkly pigmented, septate hypahe
• solitary encapsulated cysts in the subcutaneous tissue to sinusitis to brain abcesses

Answer 25

phaeohyphomycosis

Question 26

• chronic pyogenic granulomatous lesion of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by sporothrix schenckii
• introduced in skin by sporathrix lives in soil and on plant matter such as sphagnum moss, rose bushes, and hay through a penetration of thorn
• causes a local pustule or ulcer with the nodules along the draining lymphatic vessels

Answer 26

sporotrichosis (rose garderner’s disease)

Question 27

• chronic granulomatous disease caused by rhinosporidium seeberi
• characterized by the development of large friable polyps or wart-like lesion in the nose, conjunctiva, or eye
• occasionally seen in ears, larynx, bronchus, urethra, vagina, rectum, and skin
• transmitted by dust and water
• infection in persons taking bath in stagnant pool and in individuals who dive in streams to collect sand from river beds

Answer 27

rhinosporidiosis

Question 28

• coccidioidomycosis
• paracoccidioidomycosis
• histoplasmosis
• blastomycosis

infections are initiated in the lungs, following inhalation of the respective conidia

Answer 28

systemic mycoses

Question 29

• caused by coccidioides immitis or coccidioides posadasii
• progressive pulmonary infection and dissemination: skin, bone, joints, and meninges in immunocompromised patients
• found in soil and the growth of the fungus in the environment is enhanced by bat and rodent droppings

Answer 29

coccidioidomycosis

Question 30

• caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis
• occurs in young people as a self-limited pulmonary process
• reactivation of a primary quiescent lesion may occur years later, resulting in chronic progressive pulmonary disease
• high humidity, rich vegetation, moderate temperatures and acid soil

Answer 30

paracoccidioidomycosis

Question 31

• a disease of reticuloendothelial system caused by an intracellular fungus histoplasma capsulatum
• soil with high nitrogen content (bird/bat droppings)
• acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
• disseminated disease in immunocompromised host and in children
• splunkers disease
• flu-like illness, fever, headache, non-productive cough
• if untreated, the disseminated form of disease is usually fatal
• shortness of breath, productive cough, sputum purulent or bloody, anorexic, lose weight, night sweats, like Tb

Answer 31

histoplasmosis

Question 32

• caused by blastomyces dermatitidis
• pulmonary disease
• extrapulmonary dissemination in immunocompromised patients: skin, bone, genitourinary, CNS
• decaying organic matter (soil and leaf litter)

Answer 32

blastomycosis